Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1603 Words

After a few words with Quincy, he hung up the phone and the two of us walked back to the kitchen table. Dale had yet to let go of my hand and I was far from pulling it away. I let my parents do all the talking, or cross examining if you prefer. All that was missing was the hot light point in Dale’s face as they grilled him. I was never so happy when a knock came to the door. â€Å"It’s time to go,† my mother called out, loudly after she had answered the door. I had finally realized that my mind must have been wrapped too tightly around me going to the same college as Dale when I finally noticed his hot rod was in my driveway. â€Å"Is that convertible yours, boy?† asked my father, visibly excited. â€Å"Yes it is, Sir. It’s a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"There is no bill, sir,† said Dale, evenly. â€Å"My father sends them an endowment once in a while when they need a new building or some extra grant money. Besides, if Clara will hav e me as her husband once we graduate, why would†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Is that a Rolls-Royce,† my mother said, breathlessly in stunned wonder. â€Å"Yes, Mrs. Newton. It’s the new Rolls-Royce called the Wraith. By the look on Quincy’s face, we should go.† â€Å"What is wrong?† I asked. â€Å"When he looks like he had stayed out in the sun too long that can only mean he had spoken to my mother about the two of us. He was never able to keep his mouth shut,† Dale growled. â€Å"Your mother isn’t happy about the two of us,† I asked, overly concerned. â€Å"But, we had yet to have our first date.† â€Å"She has this princess in mind for me to marry.† I snatched my hand out of his, forgot they were still stuck together, and was about to turn and run back into my house. It was one thing to compare myself to the girls at the school who has boys walking into walls, falling down stairs and tripping over their own feet, but a p rincess! â€Å"I don’t know why you are cross with me,† Dale said, quickly. â€Å"My father likes her as much as I do, and I can’t stand to even talk with her over the†¦ phone. I have already told my father about you and he’s very happy for me.† â€Å"You aren’t just spinning my head around gumdrops?† I asked, fearfully. Before Dale had a chance to

Interpretation poem Free Essays

Creative Interpretation Interpret one of the poems from the course In a new material form: visual, sculptural, audio, video, and/or digital. Successful creative interpretations will go beyond portraying the thematic content of the poem and represent its formal, historical, and/or material aspects as well. Demonstrate a nuanced understanding of the poem. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretation poem or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rate a meaningful and complex relationship between materiality and meaning. Show that significant thought and effort has been put into the project. Your interpretation should integrate the complete text of your poem into the project in some way so that your Interpretation could be understood by an audience that hasn’t read the poem. Please note that a broadside does not meet the â€Å"significant thought and effort† requirements of this project. 2. Essay Write an essay of 900-1200 words that analyzes your chosen poem and articulates how your artistic choices in your creative interpretation respond to specific thematic, formal, historical, and/or material aspects of the poem. Successful essays will give relevant background information about the poem. Offer a thesis statement that clearly articulates how the creative interpretation uses material features to respond to the poem. Analyze specific aspects of the poem? quoting where appropriate?that are relevant to the project’s artistic choices. Leary describe how the project uses specific material features to construct an Interpretation of the poem. Be written In a formal academic style. You can assume that your reader has seen your project, so you can focus on analyzing rather than describing it. You can use â€Å"l† in this essay to refer to your choices, but the essay should focus on the poem and the project rather than your pinions, beliefs, motivations, etc. Your creative interpretation will be due in person during our final class session on Wednesday, June 4 at 3:30. Your essay will be due online by Monday, June 9 at 3:mom. Please note: the poem you choose for this project must be different from the ones you choose for your micro-essay portfolio and your broadside. Final Project Grading Rubric Creative Interpretation poem, including relevant formal, historical, and/or material aspects. Execution. The choice of medium is fruitful for the project; specific material choices are interesting, meaningful, and effective. Effort. The project demonstrates a significant amount of thought and effort. Essay Poem Analysis. The essay offers a compelling analysis of the poem, focusing on aspects most relevant to the project and quoting where appropriate. Project Analysis. The essay analyzes specific material choices of the creative interpretation in detail. Organization Writing. The essay has a clear organizational structure, including an introduction, paragraphs with topic sentences, transitions, and a conclusion; the essay uses formal academic prose conventions. How to cite Interpretation poem, Papers

Oedipus Tyrannus Monologue Essay Paper Example For Students

Oedipus Tyrannus Monologue Essay Paper A monologue from the play by Sophocles NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Greek Dramas. Ed. Bernadotte Perrin. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1904. OEDIPUS: I am the son of Polybus, who reigns At Corinth, and the Dorian Merope His queen; there long I held the foremost rank, Honoured and happy, when a strange event (For strange it was, though little meriting The deep concern I felt) alarmed me much: A drunken reveller at a feast proclaimed That I was only the supposed son Or Corinth\s king. Scarce could I bear that day The vile reproach. The next, I sought my parents And asked of them the truth; they too, enraged, Resented much the base indignity. I liked their tender warmth, but still I felt A secret anguish, and, unknown to them, Sought out the Pythian oracle. In vain. Touching my parents nothing could I learn; But dreadful were the miseries it denounced Against me. \Twas my fate, Apollo said, To wed my mother, to produce a race Accursed and abhorred; and last, to slay My father who begat me. Sad decree! Lest I should e\er fulfil the dire prediction, Instant I fled from Corinth, by the stars Guiding my hapless journey to the place Where thou report\st this wretched king was slain. But I will tell thee the whole truth. At length I came to where the three ways meet, when, lo! A herald, with another man like him Whom thou describ\st, and in a chariot, met me. Both strove with violence to drive me back; Enraged, I struck the charioteer, when straight, As I advanced, the old man saw, and twice Smote me o\ th\ head, but dearly soon repaid The insult on me; from his chariot rolled Prone on the earth, beneath my staff he fell, And instantly expired! Th\ attendant train All shared his fate. If this unhappy stranger And Laius be the same, lives there a wretch So cursed, so hateful to the gods as I am? Nor citizen nor alien must receive, Or converse, or communion hold with me, But drive me forth with infamy and shame. The dreadful curse pronounced with my own lips Shall soon o\ertake me. I have stained the bed Of him whom I had murdered; am I then Aught but pollution? If I fly from hence, The bed of incest meets me, and I go To slay my father Polybus, the best, The tenderest parent. This must be the work Of some malignant power. Ye righteous gods! Let me not see that day, but rest in death, Rather than suffer such calamity.

Mexican Migrant Workers Essay Example

Mexican Migrant Workers Essay Migrant workers have long played a important function in the economic system of the United States. there has ever been a instead heavy flow of both legal and illegal immigrants to the United States. There is a big assortment of different occupations available for both legal and illegal immigrants in the United States. many adult females find work with more flush households and are employed as nursemaids or amahs. Some adult females find work in mills. frequently turning out apparels or playthings. which is frequently labour-intensive low-wage work and particularly for those migratory workers that may non be in the state lawfully. Possibly the most of import function that these adult females play in the U. S. ’s economic system involves our extended agribusiness sector. Prior to break ones back labour limitations agribusiness in the U. S. was mostly dependent on slave labour. which was basically free as one might anticipate. The first English settlements imported slave labour every bit early as 1619 and Spanish settlements had practiced intensive slave labour since the 1560s. Slave labour became progressively of import in bring forthing high-value hard currency harvests such as baccy. sugar. java and cotton. Although slave labour was most of import in Southern plantation manner agribusiness. it besides played an built-in function in agribusiness in the North which is contrary to the popular belief of Northern provinces being intolerant towards bondage. After bondage was abolished in the 1860s and the slaves were emancipated. it was clear that those involved in agribusiness would hold to happen another beginning of inexpensive labour to pick up the slack ( Valdez 1 ) . Luckily for North American husbandmans there were many beginnings of inexpensive labour at this clip and many people willing to immigrate to happen work. We will write a custom essay sample on Mexican Migrant Workers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mexican Migrant Workers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mexican Migrant Workers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Shortly after the abolition of bondage there was a really big inflow of Chinese immigrants. a huge bulk of these immigrants were put to work in agribusiness every bit good as being built-in to constructing the states railwaies. The flow of Chinese immigrants was curtailed by the U. S. authorities when they passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. by and large believed to be a reaction to the diminution of the gold haste with legislators utilizing the Chinese as a whipping boy. Partially due to the loss of Chinese immigrant labour. many workers began migrating to the U. S. from Mexico and the Philippines. It is of import to observe that there were plentifulness of European immigrants that besides found employment making humble agricultural work. nevertheless their experiences were by and large different than the experiences faced by Mexican workers. For case. workers from England shared a common linguistic communication and faith with their employers so it became easier to absorb into society. Although there was some favoritism towards German and Irish immigrants due to the fact that these were by and large Catholic states. these differences were normally reconciled and didn’t take as much of a toll on those immigrants. However. employers shortly found out that their Mexican labourers by and large did non travel on work stoppage or demand higher rewards even when their working conditions were rather hapless. this led to increased favoritism and maltreatment towards Mexican migrators ( Valdez 1 ) . The usage of Mexican migrant labour declined during the Great Depression. as many of the agricultural occupations filled by Mexicans were now extremely sought after by internal migratory workers that hailed from Dust Bowl provinces and were by and large despairing to happen work. After World War Two. the U. S. economic system was one time once more healthy and began to boom as it had before the Great Depression. During the 30 or so old ages following World War Two a new tendency began developing. This tendency involved a big figure of labourers going from the southern United States and Latin America ( most notably Mexico ) to execute seasonal agribusiness work in the more northern provinces. Indeed. there were plentifulness of U. S. citizens that performed migratory labour at this clip. frequently being placed in occupations by the Farm Labor Agency. though most employers began to see the benefits of informally employed migratory workers. Although many of these foreign workers were hired through authorities plans. their contracts were pre-determined by prospective employers. Basically. this meant that employers had complete control over their workers and if any of them complained about hapless on the job conditions or demanded higher rewards they could instantly be deported at their employers whim. Working conditions surely were hapless during this clip. many tendencies that are still perpetuated today began during this period. For case. most migratory workers depended entirely on their crew leader for goods and nutrient which were frequently sold at extortionate monetary values that created company debt for the workers. Aside from the grueling labour. most migratory workers lived in really hapless conditions as good with far excessively many people frequently crammed into little. bedraggled hovels. Another tendency that developed during this period is the increasing usage of illegal migratory labour. Get downing during World War II Mexican citizens could lawfully go to and work in the U. S. under the Bracero Program. justified due to the fact that harvests couldn’t travel un-harvested during war clip. Basically a invitee worker plan. the Bracero Program was active from 1942 to 1964 and during this clip it sponsored about 4. million boundary line crossings by Mexican migratory workers. This plan enforced certain demands on employers that mandated that an acceptable degree of rewards. lodging. nutrient and medical attention be provided to their workers and as a consequence many migratory workers enjoyed higher criterions of life than they had back place. As a consequence employers began seeking out illegal migratory workers that were non involved in the plan. as they could pay them much lower rewards while non supplying any of the afore mentioned services. Pressure from employers every bit good as domestic agribusiness labour brotherhoods ( who viewed the Bracero plan as an hindrance to U. S. born workers ) finally led to the death of the Bracero plan in 1964. As there was still a immense demand for inexpensive. agribusiness labour and no longer a legal labour pool it is easy to see why there was such a inundation of illegal migratory workers from Mexico ( Valdez 2 ) . Today. migratory workers are still every spot every bit of import as they were in the yesteryear and a big bulk of them continue to acclaim from Mexico. Federal jurisprudence defines migratory workers as anyone that travels more than 75 stat mis in hunt of employment. and by this definition at the bend of the twenty-first Century there were an estimated 2. million people working as agricultural labourers with a light 12 % of these workers set uping impermanent abodes while working and approximately half still sing Mexico to be place. Between 1990 and 2001 the sum of Mexican born migratory workers working in agribusiness rose from about 30 % of the work force to about 50 % . Although these workers still constitute a little part of all the U. S. ’s pay and salaried workers they play a critical function in the more labour intensive facets involved in the production of all fresh. canned. frozen and processed nutrients consumed in the U. S. More than 85 % of all fruit and vegetable harvests in the U. S. require manus planting. manus cultivation and manus harvest home which is highly labour intensive. Despite their importance in this industry. around the bend of the twenty-first Century Mexican migrator workers earned an mean annual income that was merely approximately 40 % of the official poorness rate ( CIA 1 ) . Although the big bulk of migratory agribusiness workers are male. there is still a really big figure of female migratory workers seeking employment within the U. S. To understand the predicament of these adult females we foremost must understand precisely why they choose to go to the U. S. in hunt of work. One of the cardinal push factors for these adult females is the hapless economic conditions that Mexico has historically faced. Mexico went through a really harmful debt crisis in the eightiess that has played a big function in the states current economic sufferings. Presently. Mexico’s GDP growing rate is a blue -6. 5 % which places it 200th compared to the remainder of the universe. Mexico besides has an unemployment rate of 5. 5 % with an underemployment rate of about 25 % . Using a nutrient based definition of poorness about 18 % of Mexico lives in poorness. nevertheless when utilizing an plus based definition for poorness a humongous 47 % of Mexicans live in poorness ( CIA 1 ) . Due to this destitute conditions many Mexican adult females have problem happening work. and although the literacy rates for males and females are approximately equal in Mexico. and males are by and large chosen over adult females for the occupations that do be. It is easy to see why so many Mexican adult females are eager to go to the U. S. in hopes of happening better occupations and higher rewards. Along with money sufferings. this extended degree of poorness besides takes its toll on relationships. When times get tough. there is frequently more strain at place and hubbies and married womans are more likely to non acquire along. Although this is surely non a job that is alone to Mexico. there is one cardinal cultural constituent: Machismo. There is no individual. set definition of Machismo. but it is by and large viewed as what traditional Mexican civilization believes to be acceptable maleness. Surely. non every Mexican male tantrums this Machismo stereotype and there isn’t needfully anything incorrect with the ideals that work forces should draw a bead on to be strong and tough. However. there are many critics of the Machismo civilization and believe that it is really counter-productive and harmful towards adult females. For case. it is believed that the Macho adult male should be able to supply for his married woman and household and when hapless economic conditions are an obstruction to this the adult male may frequently experience unequal and abashed ( Soong 1 ) . This wouldn’t be as large of an issue if one of the cardinal pillars of the Machismo adult male involved force. Shockingly. tierce of native Mexican adult females interviewed stated that a hubby had the right to hit his married woman if she hadn’t fulfilled her duties and 42 % of those interviewed admitted that they had even been beaten as immature misss. It appears that the ability for work forces to asseverate their laterality over adult females through force is an recognized portion of Mexican civilization and most work forces are neer punished for perpetrating what sums to really condemnable Acts of the Apostless. It is believed that between 1999 and 2005 an estimated 6. 000 adult females were murdered in Mexico. with most of these deceases being caused by domestic force at the custodies of their hubbies or fellows. Of class. we realize that non all or even most Mexican work forces behave this manner nevertheless it is surely a big adequate cultural job to do a batch of strain on Mexican adult females. Many adult females. already overwhelmed by economic concerns. go forth Mexico merely to acquire themselves. and frequently their kids. off from opprobrious relationships ( Soong 2 ) . As we have now outlined two cardinal push factors. both economic and societal. it is besides of import to acknowledge the pull factors: the grounds behind why adult females choose to migrate to the U. S. The U. S. is really appealing to Mexican adult females. as they believe that they will be offered better occupations and better rewards upon geting. Unsurprisingly. American companies are besides built-in in enticing these Mexican adult females to the U. S. s they have began to trust on the cheap. docile labour that these adult females provide. In fact. many U. S. companies have been known to utilize Mexican immigrants as an illustration for how the American Dream can be accomplished. Many American concerns are now making selling runs that explicitly target Mexican immigrants. cognizing full well that t hey will pull merely as many illegal immigrants in the procedure. Even though these concerns are merely seeking to work them. many Mexicans and particularly Mexican adult females are construing these ads as a mark that they will be more readily accepted in American society and this makes migrating to the U. S. even more appealing ( Wyans 4 ) . Many Mexican adult females besides believe that the U. S. is some kind of classless Utopia. even though that is far from true. With the American societies push to be politically correct and purpose for a flat playing field. many Mexican adult females feel that the gender inequalities they experienced in Mexico will non be in the U. S. This thought of an classless U. S. most surely stems from the really colored media that America exports to around the universe. which doubtless pigments America in a really positive visible radiation. Even though the Mexican adult female migrating to the U. S. ay procure a more moneymaking occupation and better life conditions. she will most likely face most of the same societal ailments she had experienced in Mexico ( Wyans 5 ) . When taking these push/pull factors in to account it is no daze that so many Mexican adult females are migrating to the U. S. Most insouciant perceivers assume that these Mexican adult females are merely migrating because they are passively attach toing their hubbies but this is surely non the instance. particularly in recent old ages. In fact. more than half of the migratory workers from all Latin American states going to the U. S. are adult females going by the ain will. Migrant workers as a whole are confided to the lower accomplishment sector of the labour market. and the adult females among these migratory workers normally merely find work in the lowest manual places such as child care. industrial cleansing. nutrient processing and stitching. Not merely are female migratory workers given the worst of already hapless occupations. they are about ever paid less than their male migrator opposite numbers. Employers have besides caught on to one cardinal trait among female migratory workers. many of them are unwilling to demand higher rewards or kick about working conditions merely because they are responsible for their kids at place. This leads many employers to capable adult females to longer hours. lower wage and worse working conditions than they would anticipate a male worker to set up with ( Cultural Survival 1 ) . As I had antecedently stated. migratory workers play a cardinal function in reaping and treating our states nutrient. A really challenging illustration of the function that female Mexican migrator workers play in this sector of our economic system involves Maryland’s crab industry. Each twelvemonth. 100s of Mexican adult females travel to the Eastern Shore of Maryland to work for Maryland crab companies. These adult females by and large enter the U. S. lawfully. by obtaining a impermanent work visa known as an H-2B Visa. Although the H-2B plan was originally intended to the employer to temporarily supplement his current domestic work force with migratory workers. most of Maryland’s crab companies have begun to trust entirely on H-2B workers. The H-2B plan is rather similar to the authorities plans I mentioned earlier. The cardinal similarity and cause for concern is the fact that an H-2B invitee worker is basically bound by ordinances to a individual employer. so any demand for higher rewards or better working conditions can still be met with the menace of exile ( Paral 8 ) . In order to obtain an H-2B visa most adult females meet with local recruiters in Mexico. These adult females are already being exploited before they leave their place town. as these H-2B recruiters illicitly force them to pay big fees in order to obtain their H-2B licenses. Many of the adult females that can’t afford these fabricated fees wind up working out loans with their H-2B recruiter. which by and large have extortionate involvement rates that put the adult females further in debt. Legally. these recruiters are non allowed to bear down any fees but it is impossible to implement U. S. dealingss South of the boundary line. Employers are frequently able to direct certain messages via recruiters that violate U. S. Civil Rights Torahs. they are able to propose that recruiters discriminate when taking employees and are able to plead ignorance if of all time reprimanded for their recruiters behavior. After having their H-2B visas. the adult females cross the boundary line and board a coach that will take them to Maryland. They are non informed how long the trip will take. and although they are told to convey American dollars to purchase nutrient. many adult females either can non afford to eat or are excessively intimidated by the linguistic communication barrier to shop for nutrient and as a consequence go the full 2-3 twenty-four hours bus trip without eating ( Kloer 1 ) . When these adult females eventually do it to Maryland they typically rent houses that are owned by their employers and located on islands in Chesapeake Bay. Crab companies are non lawfully required to supply lodging for the crab choosers. but most ain and operate lease houses in order to guarantee that their workers remain close to the crab picking houses. The houses non located on islands may merely every bit good be. because during high tide the Bridgess and roads linking them with the mainland become unpassable. These houses are normally in really hapless status and the adult females frequently complain about such jobs as non-working ranges. leaks. and hapless plumbing. These ill maintained houses have besides been known to house up to 30 adult females at one clip. some adult females interviewed reported sharing a sleeping room with up to 7 other adult females. Most adult females must either portion beds with other adult females or kip on the floor and by and large have small to no privateness while remaining in rental lodging. To exceed it off. really few companies give keys to their renters which means they can non even lock their houses to protect their ownerships while working in the crab picking houses ( AUWCL 3 ) . Many of the lease houses besides have jobs that are in direct misdemeanor of the counties lodging codification. such as broken Windowss and mold infestations. Despite these misdemeanors. no legal action has been taken by the county in order to guarantee that these rental houses be in liveable status. Not merely are the living conditions of these rental belongingss really hapless. populating on an island is besides damaging to the adult females in some really important ways. Since these adult females reside on an island when non working. they become really stray from the remainder of the local community. One about admirations if these houses weren’t strategically placed by the employers. because populating in such isolation shields their predicament from the locals and besides forces them to trust entirely on their employer ( Kloer 2 ) . Since there is no public transit to and from the island. and these adult females can non afford to purchase a boat. they must trust on their employer for transit to the mainland. Many companies merely arrange transit for their workers hebdomadally and on fixed yearss. because there is limited infinite on the boat merely a limited figure of adult females can travel to town at one time. As a consequence of this some adult females reported holding to wait two or three hebdomads before they could acquire to the mainland to buy food markets. this meant that they had to trust on fellow workers for nutrient and other points.

Womens Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment

Women's Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment After the American Civil War, several legal challenges faced the newly-reunited nation. One was how to define a citizen so that former slaves, and other African Americans, were included. (The Dred Scott decision, before the Civil War, had declared that black people had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.) The citizenship rights of those who had rebelled against the federal government or who had participated in secession were also in question. One response was the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified July 28, 1868. The Fight for Postwar Rights During the Civil War, the developing womens rights movement had largely put their agenda on hold, with most of the womens rights advocates supporting the Union efforts. Many of the womens rights advocates had been abolitionists as well, and so they eagerly supported the war which they believed would end slavery. When the Civil War ended, womens rights advocates expected to take up their cause once again, joined by the male abolitionists whose cause had been won. But when the Fourteenth Amendment was proposed, the womens rights movement split over whether to support it as a means of finishing the job of establishing full citizenship for the freed slaves and other African Americans. Beginnings: Adding Male to the Constitution Why was the Fourteenth Amendment controversial in womens rights circles? Because, for the first time, the proposed Amendment added the word male into the US Constitution. Section 2, which dealt explicitly with voting rights, used the term male. And womens rights advocates, especially those who were promoting suffrage, or the granting of the vote to women, were outraged. Some womens rights supporters, including Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Frederick Douglass, supported the Fourteenth Amendment as essential to guaranteeing black equality and full citizenship, even though it was flawed in only applying voting rights to males. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the efforts of some womens suffrage supporters to try to defeat both the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because the Fourteenth Amendment included the offensive focus on male voters. When the Amendment was ratified, they advocated, without success, for a universal suffrage amendment. Each side of this controversy saw the others as betraying basic principles of equality: supporters of the 14th Amendment saw the opponents as betraying efforts for racial equality, and opponents saw the supporters as betraying efforts for the equality of the sexes. Stone and Howe founded the American Woman Suffrage Association and a paper, the Womans Journal. Anthony and Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association and began publishing the Revolution. The rift would not be healed until, in the late years of the 19th century, the two organizations merged into the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Myra Blackwell and Equal Protection Though the second article of the  Fourteenth Amendment  introduced the word male into the Constitution in respect to voting rights, nevertheless some womens rights advocates decided that they could make a case for womens rights including suffrage on the basis of the first article of the Amendment, which did not distinguish between males and females in granting citizenship rights. The case of Myra Bradwell was one of the first to advocate for use of the 14th Amendment to defend womens rights. Bradwell had passed the Illinois law exam, and a circuit court judge and a state attorney had each signed a certificate of qualification, recommending that the state grant her a license to practice law. However, the Supreme Court of Illinois denied her application on October 6, 1869. The court took into consideration the legal status of a woman as a femme covert- that is, as a married woman, Myra Bradwell was legally disabled. She was, under the common law of the time, prohibited from owning property or entering into legal agreements. As a married woman, she had  no legal existence apart from her husband. Myra Bradwell challenged this decision. She took her case back to the Illinois Supreme Court, using the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection language in the first article to defend her right to choose a livelihood. In her brief, Bradwell wrote, that it is one of the privileges and immunities of women as citizens to engage in any and every provision, occupation or employment in civil life. While the Bradwell case raised the possibility that the 14th Amendment could justify womens equality, the Supreme Court were not ready to agree. In a much-quoted concurring opinion, Justice Joseph P. Bradley wrote: It certainly cannot be affirmed, as a historical fact, that [the right to choose ones profession] has ever been established as one of the fundamental privileges and immunities of the sex. Instead, he wrote, The paramount destiny and mission of women are to fulfill the noble and benign offices of wife and mother. Minor, Happersett, Anthony, and Womens Suffrage While the second article of the  Fourteenth Amendment  to the Constitution  specified certain voting rights connected with males only, womens rights advocates decided that the first article could be used instead to support the full citizenship rights of women. In a strategy carried out by the more radical wing of the movement, led by Anthony and Stanton,  womens suffrage  supporters attempted to cast ballots in 1872.  Anthony  was among those who did so; she was  arrested and convicted  for this action. Another woman,  Virginia Minor, was turned away from the St. Louis polls when she tried to vote⠁  - and her husband, Frances Minor, sued Reese Happersett, the registrar. (Under femme covert presumptions in the law, Virginia Minor could not sue in her own right.) The Minors brief argued that There can be no halfway citizenship. Woman, as a citizen in the United States, is entitled to all the benefits of that position, and liable to all its obligations, or to none. Once again, the Fourteenth Amendment was used to try to ground arguments for womens equality and the right as citizens to vote and hold office⠁  - but the courts did not agree. In a unanimous decision, the United States Supreme Court in  Minor v. Happersett  found that women born or naturalized in the United States were indeed American citizens, and that they always had been even before the Fourteenth Amendment. But the Supreme Court also found that voting was not one of the privileges and immunities of citizenship, and therefore states need not grant voting rights or suffrage to women. Reed v. Reed Applies the Amendment to Women In 1971, the Supreme Court heard arguments in the case of  Reed v. Reed. Sally Reed had sued when Idaho law presumed that her estranged husband should be automatically selected as executor of the estate of their son, who had died without naming an executor. The Idaho law stated that males must be preferred to females in choosing estate administrators. The Supreme Court, in an opinion written by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, decided that the  Fourteenth Amendment  did prohibit such unequal treatment on the basis of sex⠁  - the first US Supreme Court decision to apply the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause to gender or sexual distinctions. Later cases have refined the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to sex discrimination, but it was more than 100 years after passage of the Fourteenth Amendment before it was finally applied to womens rights. Expanding Rights in Roe v. Wade In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court found in  Roe v. Wade  that the Fourteenth Amendment restricted, on the basis of the Due Process clause, the governments ability to restrict or prohibit abortions. Any criminal abortion statute that did not take into account the stage of pregnancy and other interests than merely the life of the mother was deemed to be a violation of due process. Text of the Fourteenth Amendment The entire text of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 28, 1868, is as follows: Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.Section. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.Section. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.Section. 4. The validity of the public deb t of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.Section. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Text of the Fifteenth Amendment Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Archaeology of Olive Domestication

Archaeology of Olive Domestication Olives are the fruit of a tree that today can be found as nearly 2,000 separate cultivars within the Mediterranean basin alone. Today olives come in a huge variety of fruit sizes, shape, and color, and they are grown on every continent except Antarctica. And that may in part be why the history and domestication story of olives is a complicated one. Olives in their native state are virtually inedible by humans, although domestic animals like cattle and goats dont seem to mind the bitter flavor. Once cured in brine, of course, olives are very tasty. Olive wood burns even when wet; which makes it very useful and that may be one attractive characteristic that drew people towards the management of olive trees. One later use was for olive oil, which is virtually smoke-free and can be used in cooking and lamps, and in many other ways. Olive History The olive tree (Olea europaea var. europaea) is thought to have been domesticated from the wild oleaster (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), at a minimum of nine different times. The earliest probably dates to the Neolithic migration into the Mediterranean basin, ~6000 years ago. Propagating olive trees is a vegetative process; that is to say, successful trees are not grown from seeds, but rather from cut roots or branches buried in the soil and allowed to root, or grafted onto other trees. Regular pruning helps the grower keep access to the olives in the lower branches, and olive trees are known to survive for centuries, some reportedly for as much as 2,000 years or more. Mediterranean Olives The first domesticated olives are likely from the Near East (Israel, Palestine, Jordan), or at least the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, although some debate persists about its origins and spread. Archaeological evidence suggests that the domestication of olive trees spread into the western Mediterranean and North Africa by the Early Bronze Age, ~4500 years ago. Olives, or more specifically olive oil, has a significant meaning to several Mediterranean religions: see the History of Olive Oil for a discussion of that. Archaeological Evidence Olive wood samples have been recovered from the Upper Paleolithic site of Boker in Israel. The earliest evidence of olive use discovered to date is at Ohalo II, where ca 19,000 years ago, olive pits and wood fragments were found. Wild olives (oleasters) were used for oils throughout the Mediterranean basin during the Neolithic period (ca 10,000-7,000 years ago). Olive pits have been recovered from the Natufian period (ca 9000 BC) occupations in Mount Carmel in Israel. Palynological (pollen) studies on the contents of jars have identified the use of  olive oil presses by the early Bronze Age (ca 4500 years ago) in Greece and other parts of the Mediterranean. Scholars using molecular and archaeological evidence (presence of pits, pressing equipment, oil lamps, pottery containers for oil, olive timber, and pollen, etc.) have identified separate domestication centers in Turkey, Palestine, Greece, Cyprus, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Corsica, Spain, and France. DNA analysis reported in Diez et al. (2015) suggests that the history is complicated by admixture, connecting domesticated versions with wild versions throughout the region. Important Archaeological Sites Sites Archaeological sites important to understanding the domestication history of the olive include Ohalo II, Kfar Samir, (pits dated to 5530-4750 BC); Nahal Megadim (pits 5230-4850 cal BC) and Qumran (pits 540-670 cal AD), all in Israel; Chalcolithic Teleilat Ghassul (4000-3300 BC), Jordan; Cueva del Toro (Spain). Sources and Further Information Plant Domestication and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Breton C, Pinatel C, Mà ©dail F, Bonhomme F, and Bervillà © A. 2008. Comparison between classical and Bayesian methods to investigate the history of olive cultivars using SSR-polymorphisms. Plant Science 175(4):524-532. Breton C, Terral J-F, Pinatel C, Mà ©dail F, Bonhomme F, and Bervillà © A. 2009. The origins of the domestication of the olive tree. Comptes Rendus Biologies 332(12):1059-1064. Diez CM, Trujillo I, Martinez-Urdiroz N, Barranco D, Rallo L, Marfil P, and Gaut BS. 2015. Olive domestication and diversification in the Mediterranean Basin. New Phytologist 206(1):436-447. Elbaum R, Melamed-Bessudo C, Boaretto E, Galili E, Lev-Yadun S, Levy AA, and Weiner S. 2006. Ancient olive DNA in pits: preservation, amplification and sequence analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(1):77-88. Margaritis E. 2013. Distinguishing exploitation, domestication, cultivation, and production: the olive in the third millennium Aegean. Antiquity 87(337):746-757. Marinova, Elena. An experimental approach for tracing olive processing residues in the archaeobotanical record, with preliminary examples from Tell Tweini, Syria. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, Jan M. A. van der Valk, Soultana Maria Valamoti, et al., 20(5), ResearchGate, September 2011. Terral JF, Alonso N, Capdevila RBi, Chatti N, Fabre L, Fiorentino G, Marinval P, Jord GP, Pradat B, Rovira N, et al. 2004. Historical biogeography of olive domestication ( Journal of Biogeography 31(1):63-77.Olea europaea L.) as revealed by geometrical morphometry applied to biological and archaeological material.

Social Contract Theory of John Locke Research Paper

Social Contract Theory of John Locke - Research Paper Example The US constitution includes the Bill of rights, which protects the freedom, liberty, and other rights of the individuals; at the same time, the constitution specifies the scope of authority of the President, the Judiciary, and the Congress. Thus, the constitution in its true sense in indeed a contract between the individuals and the state, whereby the natural laws of the individuals are intact and the state authority has been specified as well. Moreover, the criminal justice system also follows the principals of Locke`s social contract theory, as the system ensures that the rights and the belongings of individuals are protected, and, by collective submissiveness to law, all citizens empower the system to take punitive action against the violators. In this context, one can conclude that freedom leads to complete independence and liberation; however, as per the social contract, one also has to fulfill the duties and comply with ethical standards to obtain one`s own rights. Social cont ract is an intellectual, even political theoretical paradigm, which focuses on the origins of the society and the legitimacy of the state authority over the individuals of the state. The basic tenet of this theory implies that the individuals of the state have permitted the state to exercise power over them to protect their rights and freedoms; in other words, there is a social contract between the state and the individuals – the people will give authority to the government and, in turn, seek the protection of their natural laws. Different theorists have come up with their own versions of the theory, with the same basic assumptions but, however, with minute differences in the perspectives. Hugo Grotius (1625) gave the idea of the natural laws and argued that all individuals should comply with the moral and religious values to ensure that everyone receives their due share of rights. Thomas Hobbes has an important contribution to the development of the theory, as he suggested t hat a social contract resulted between individuals and the state due to the anarchy, which was the reason behind poor living conditions of the individuals. Rousseau, on the other hand, gave a different version of the theory, as he believed that the general will of the people should be considered for the social contract, as every person has the right to express his or her will – thus he aimed at attaining social contract not by collective will but rather by the general will of the individuals. However, Pierre-Joseph’s version of the social contract implies that the contract is a result of the individuals trying to avoid coercion from other individuals; he argued that the contract is a result of â€Å"†¦ An agreement with a man to a man...† (Morris, 1990). However, Locke`s form of social contract theory implies that the individuals would willingly form a state in an effort to protect their natural rights by virtue of the state, which would further be discusse d in detail. (Morris, 1990) John Locke is of the view that the natural law transcends all other man-made laws, and thus, to protect these natural laws, the individuals themselves willingly give authority to