Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1603 Words

After a few words with Quincy, he hung up the phone and the two of us walked back to the kitchen table. Dale had yet to let go of my hand and I was far from pulling it away. I let my parents do all the talking, or cross examining if you prefer. All that was missing was the hot light point in Dale’s face as they grilled him. I was never so happy when a knock came to the door. â€Å"It’s time to go,† my mother called out, loudly after she had answered the door. I had finally realized that my mind must have been wrapped too tightly around me going to the same college as Dale when I finally noticed his hot rod was in my driveway. â€Å"Is that convertible yours, boy?† asked my father, visibly excited. â€Å"Yes it is, Sir. It’s a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"There is no bill, sir,† said Dale, evenly. â€Å"My father sends them an endowment once in a while when they need a new building or some extra grant money. Besides, if Clara will hav e me as her husband once we graduate, why would†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Is that a Rolls-Royce,† my mother said, breathlessly in stunned wonder. â€Å"Yes, Mrs. Newton. It’s the new Rolls-Royce called the Wraith. By the look on Quincy’s face, we should go.† â€Å"What is wrong?† I asked. â€Å"When he looks like he had stayed out in the sun too long that can only mean he had spoken to my mother about the two of us. He was never able to keep his mouth shut,† Dale growled. â€Å"Your mother isn’t happy about the two of us,† I asked, overly concerned. â€Å"But, we had yet to have our first date.† â€Å"She has this princess in mind for me to marry.† I snatched my hand out of his, forgot they were still stuck together, and was about to turn and run back into my house. It was one thing to compare myself to the girls at the school who has boys walking into walls, falling down stairs and tripping over their own feet, but a p rincess! â€Å"I don’t know why you are cross with me,† Dale said, quickly. â€Å"My father likes her as much as I do, and I can’t stand to even talk with her over the†¦ phone. I have already told my father about you and he’s very happy for me.† â€Å"You aren’t just spinning my head around gumdrops?† I asked, fearfully. Before Dale had a chance to

Interpretation poem Free Essays

Creative Interpretation Interpret one of the poems from the course In a new material form: visual, sculptural, audio, video, and/or digital. Successful creative interpretations will go beyond portraying the thematic content of the poem and represent its formal, historical, and/or material aspects as well. Demonstrate a nuanced understanding of the poem. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpretation poem or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rate a meaningful and complex relationship between materiality and meaning. Show that significant thought and effort has been put into the project. Your interpretation should integrate the complete text of your poem into the project in some way so that your Interpretation could be understood by an audience that hasn’t read the poem. Please note that a broadside does not meet the â€Å"significant thought and effort† requirements of this project. 2. Essay Write an essay of 900-1200 words that analyzes your chosen poem and articulates how your artistic choices in your creative interpretation respond to specific thematic, formal, historical, and/or material aspects of the poem. Successful essays will give relevant background information about the poem. Offer a thesis statement that clearly articulates how the creative interpretation uses material features to respond to the poem. Analyze specific aspects of the poem? quoting where appropriate?that are relevant to the project’s artistic choices. Leary describe how the project uses specific material features to construct an Interpretation of the poem. Be written In a formal academic style. You can assume that your reader has seen your project, so you can focus on analyzing rather than describing it. You can use â€Å"l† in this essay to refer to your choices, but the essay should focus on the poem and the project rather than your pinions, beliefs, motivations, etc. Your creative interpretation will be due in person during our final class session on Wednesday, June 4 at 3:30. Your essay will be due online by Monday, June 9 at 3:mom. Please note: the poem you choose for this project must be different from the ones you choose for your micro-essay portfolio and your broadside. Final Project Grading Rubric Creative Interpretation poem, including relevant formal, historical, and/or material aspects. Execution. The choice of medium is fruitful for the project; specific material choices are interesting, meaningful, and effective. Effort. The project demonstrates a significant amount of thought and effort. Essay Poem Analysis. The essay offers a compelling analysis of the poem, focusing on aspects most relevant to the project and quoting where appropriate. Project Analysis. The essay analyzes specific material choices of the creative interpretation in detail. Organization Writing. The essay has a clear organizational structure, including an introduction, paragraphs with topic sentences, transitions, and a conclusion; the essay uses formal academic prose conventions. How to cite Interpretation poem, Papers

Oedipus Tyrannus Monologue Essay Paper Example For Students

Oedipus Tyrannus Monologue Essay Paper A monologue from the play by Sophocles NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Greek Dramas. Ed. Bernadotte Perrin. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1904. OEDIPUS: I am the son of Polybus, who reigns At Corinth, and the Dorian Merope His queen; there long I held the foremost rank, Honoured and happy, when a strange event (For strange it was, though little meriting The deep concern I felt) alarmed me much: A drunken reveller at a feast proclaimed That I was only the supposed son Or Corinth\s king. Scarce could I bear that day The vile reproach. The next, I sought my parents And asked of them the truth; they too, enraged, Resented much the base indignity. I liked their tender warmth, but still I felt A secret anguish, and, unknown to them, Sought out the Pythian oracle. In vain. Touching my parents nothing could I learn; But dreadful were the miseries it denounced Against me. \Twas my fate, Apollo said, To wed my mother, to produce a race Accursed and abhorred; and last, to slay My father who begat me. Sad decree! Lest I should e\er fulfil the dire prediction, Instant I fled from Corinth, by the stars Guiding my hapless journey to the place Where thou report\st this wretched king was slain. But I will tell thee the whole truth. At length I came to where the three ways meet, when, lo! A herald, with another man like him Whom thou describ\st, and in a chariot, met me. Both strove with violence to drive me back; Enraged, I struck the charioteer, when straight, As I advanced, the old man saw, and twice Smote me o\ th\ head, but dearly soon repaid The insult on me; from his chariot rolled Prone on the earth, beneath my staff he fell, And instantly expired! Th\ attendant train All shared his fate. If this unhappy stranger And Laius be the same, lives there a wretch So cursed, so hateful to the gods as I am? Nor citizen nor alien must receive, Or converse, or communion hold with me, But drive me forth with infamy and shame. The dreadful curse pronounced with my own lips Shall soon o\ertake me. I have stained the bed Of him whom I had murdered; am I then Aught but pollution? If I fly from hence, The bed of incest meets me, and I go To slay my father Polybus, the best, The tenderest parent. This must be the work Of some malignant power. Ye righteous gods! Let me not see that day, but rest in death, Rather than suffer such calamity.

Mexican Migrant Workers Essay Example

Mexican Migrant Workers Essay Migrant workers have long played a important function in the economic system of the United States. there has ever been a instead heavy flow of both legal and illegal immigrants to the United States. There is a big assortment of different occupations available for both legal and illegal immigrants in the United States. many adult females find work with more flush households and are employed as nursemaids or amahs. Some adult females find work in mills. frequently turning out apparels or playthings. which is frequently labour-intensive low-wage work and particularly for those migratory workers that may non be in the state lawfully. Possibly the most of import function that these adult females play in the U. S. ’s economic system involves our extended agribusiness sector. Prior to break ones back labour limitations agribusiness in the U. S. was mostly dependent on slave labour. which was basically free as one might anticipate. The first English settlements imported slave labour every bit early as 1619 and Spanish settlements had practiced intensive slave labour since the 1560s. Slave labour became progressively of import in bring forthing high-value hard currency harvests such as baccy. sugar. java and cotton. Although slave labour was most of import in Southern plantation manner agribusiness. it besides played an built-in function in agribusiness in the North which is contrary to the popular belief of Northern provinces being intolerant towards bondage. After bondage was abolished in the 1860s and the slaves were emancipated. it was clear that those involved in agribusiness would hold to happen another beginning of inexpensive labour to pick up the slack ( Valdez 1 ) . Luckily for North American husbandmans there were many beginnings of inexpensive labour at this clip and many people willing to immigrate to happen work. We will write a custom essay sample on Mexican Migrant Workers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mexican Migrant Workers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mexican Migrant Workers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Shortly after the abolition of bondage there was a really big inflow of Chinese immigrants. a huge bulk of these immigrants were put to work in agribusiness every bit good as being built-in to constructing the states railwaies. The flow of Chinese immigrants was curtailed by the U. S. authorities when they passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. by and large believed to be a reaction to the diminution of the gold haste with legislators utilizing the Chinese as a whipping boy. Partially due to the loss of Chinese immigrant labour. many workers began migrating to the U. S. from Mexico and the Philippines. It is of import to observe that there were plentifulness of European immigrants that besides found employment making humble agricultural work. nevertheless their experiences were by and large different than the experiences faced by Mexican workers. For case. workers from England shared a common linguistic communication and faith with their employers so it became easier to absorb into society. Although there was some favoritism towards German and Irish immigrants due to the fact that these were by and large Catholic states. these differences were normally reconciled and didn’t take as much of a toll on those immigrants. However. employers shortly found out that their Mexican labourers by and large did non travel on work stoppage or demand higher rewards even when their working conditions were rather hapless. this led to increased favoritism and maltreatment towards Mexican migrators ( Valdez 1 ) . The usage of Mexican migrant labour declined during the Great Depression. as many of the agricultural occupations filled by Mexicans were now extremely sought after by internal migratory workers that hailed from Dust Bowl provinces and were by and large despairing to happen work. After World War Two. the U. S. economic system was one time once more healthy and began to boom as it had before the Great Depression. During the 30 or so old ages following World War Two a new tendency began developing. This tendency involved a big figure of labourers going from the southern United States and Latin America ( most notably Mexico ) to execute seasonal agribusiness work in the more northern provinces. Indeed. there were plentifulness of U. S. citizens that performed migratory labour at this clip. frequently being placed in occupations by the Farm Labor Agency. though most employers began to see the benefits of informally employed migratory workers. Although many of these foreign workers were hired through authorities plans. their contracts were pre-determined by prospective employers. Basically. this meant that employers had complete control over their workers and if any of them complained about hapless on the job conditions or demanded higher rewards they could instantly be deported at their employers whim. Working conditions surely were hapless during this clip. many tendencies that are still perpetuated today began during this period. For case. most migratory workers depended entirely on their crew leader for goods and nutrient which were frequently sold at extortionate monetary values that created company debt for the workers. Aside from the grueling labour. most migratory workers lived in really hapless conditions as good with far excessively many people frequently crammed into little. bedraggled hovels. Another tendency that developed during this period is the increasing usage of illegal migratory labour. Get downing during World War II Mexican citizens could lawfully go to and work in the U. S. under the Bracero Program. justified due to the fact that harvests couldn’t travel un-harvested during war clip. Basically a invitee worker plan. the Bracero Program was active from 1942 to 1964 and during this clip it sponsored about 4. million boundary line crossings by Mexican migratory workers. This plan enforced certain demands on employers that mandated that an acceptable degree of rewards. lodging. nutrient and medical attention be provided to their workers and as a consequence many migratory workers enjoyed higher criterions of life than they had back place. As a consequence employers began seeking out illegal migratory workers that were non involved in the plan. as they could pay them much lower rewards while non supplying any of the afore mentioned services. Pressure from employers every bit good as domestic agribusiness labour brotherhoods ( who viewed the Bracero plan as an hindrance to U. S. born workers ) finally led to the death of the Bracero plan in 1964. As there was still a immense demand for inexpensive. agribusiness labour and no longer a legal labour pool it is easy to see why there was such a inundation of illegal migratory workers from Mexico ( Valdez 2 ) . Today. migratory workers are still every spot every bit of import as they were in the yesteryear and a big bulk of them continue to acclaim from Mexico. Federal jurisprudence defines migratory workers as anyone that travels more than 75 stat mis in hunt of employment. and by this definition at the bend of the twenty-first Century there were an estimated 2. million people working as agricultural labourers with a light 12 % of these workers set uping impermanent abodes while working and approximately half still sing Mexico to be place. Between 1990 and 2001 the sum of Mexican born migratory workers working in agribusiness rose from about 30 % of the work force to about 50 % . Although these workers still constitute a little part of all the U. S. ’s pay and salaried workers they play a critical function in the more labour intensive facets involved in the production of all fresh. canned. frozen and processed nutrients consumed in the U. S. More than 85 % of all fruit and vegetable harvests in the U. S. require manus planting. manus cultivation and manus harvest home which is highly labour intensive. Despite their importance in this industry. around the bend of the twenty-first Century Mexican migrator workers earned an mean annual income that was merely approximately 40 % of the official poorness rate ( CIA 1 ) . Although the big bulk of migratory agribusiness workers are male. there is still a really big figure of female migratory workers seeking employment within the U. S. To understand the predicament of these adult females we foremost must understand precisely why they choose to go to the U. S. in hunt of work. One of the cardinal push factors for these adult females is the hapless economic conditions that Mexico has historically faced. Mexico went through a really harmful debt crisis in the eightiess that has played a big function in the states current economic sufferings. Presently. Mexico’s GDP growing rate is a blue -6. 5 % which places it 200th compared to the remainder of the universe. Mexico besides has an unemployment rate of 5. 5 % with an underemployment rate of about 25 % . Using a nutrient based definition of poorness about 18 % of Mexico lives in poorness. nevertheless when utilizing an plus based definition for poorness a humongous 47 % of Mexicans live in poorness ( CIA 1 ) . Due to this destitute conditions many Mexican adult females have problem happening work. and although the literacy rates for males and females are approximately equal in Mexico. and males are by and large chosen over adult females for the occupations that do be. It is easy to see why so many Mexican adult females are eager to go to the U. S. in hopes of happening better occupations and higher rewards. Along with money sufferings. this extended degree of poorness besides takes its toll on relationships. When times get tough. there is frequently more strain at place and hubbies and married womans are more likely to non acquire along. Although this is surely non a job that is alone to Mexico. there is one cardinal cultural constituent: Machismo. There is no individual. set definition of Machismo. but it is by and large viewed as what traditional Mexican civilization believes to be acceptable maleness. Surely. non every Mexican male tantrums this Machismo stereotype and there isn’t needfully anything incorrect with the ideals that work forces should draw a bead on to be strong and tough. However. there are many critics of the Machismo civilization and believe that it is really counter-productive and harmful towards adult females. For case. it is believed that the Macho adult male should be able to supply for his married woman and household and when hapless economic conditions are an obstruction to this the adult male may frequently experience unequal and abashed ( Soong 1 ) . This wouldn’t be as large of an issue if one of the cardinal pillars of the Machismo adult male involved force. Shockingly. tierce of native Mexican adult females interviewed stated that a hubby had the right to hit his married woman if she hadn’t fulfilled her duties and 42 % of those interviewed admitted that they had even been beaten as immature misss. It appears that the ability for work forces to asseverate their laterality over adult females through force is an recognized portion of Mexican civilization and most work forces are neer punished for perpetrating what sums to really condemnable Acts of the Apostless. It is believed that between 1999 and 2005 an estimated 6. 000 adult females were murdered in Mexico. with most of these deceases being caused by domestic force at the custodies of their hubbies or fellows. Of class. we realize that non all or even most Mexican work forces behave this manner nevertheless it is surely a big adequate cultural job to do a batch of strain on Mexican adult females. Many adult females. already overwhelmed by economic concerns. go forth Mexico merely to acquire themselves. and frequently their kids. off from opprobrious relationships ( Soong 2 ) . As we have now outlined two cardinal push factors. both economic and societal. it is besides of import to acknowledge the pull factors: the grounds behind why adult females choose to migrate to the U. S. The U. S. is really appealing to Mexican adult females. as they believe that they will be offered better occupations and better rewards upon geting. Unsurprisingly. American companies are besides built-in in enticing these Mexican adult females to the U. S. s they have began to trust on the cheap. docile labour that these adult females provide. In fact. many U. S. companies have been known to utilize Mexican immigrants as an illustration for how the American Dream can be accomplished. Many American concerns are now making selling runs that explicitly target Mexican immigrants. cognizing full well that t hey will pull merely as many illegal immigrants in the procedure. Even though these concerns are merely seeking to work them. many Mexicans and particularly Mexican adult females are construing these ads as a mark that they will be more readily accepted in American society and this makes migrating to the U. S. even more appealing ( Wyans 4 ) . Many Mexican adult females besides believe that the U. S. is some kind of classless Utopia. even though that is far from true. With the American societies push to be politically correct and purpose for a flat playing field. many Mexican adult females feel that the gender inequalities they experienced in Mexico will non be in the U. S. This thought of an classless U. S. most surely stems from the really colored media that America exports to around the universe. which doubtless pigments America in a really positive visible radiation. Even though the Mexican adult female migrating to the U. S. ay procure a more moneymaking occupation and better life conditions. she will most likely face most of the same societal ailments she had experienced in Mexico ( Wyans 5 ) . When taking these push/pull factors in to account it is no daze that so many Mexican adult females are migrating to the U. S. Most insouciant perceivers assume that these Mexican adult females are merely migrating because they are passively attach toing their hubbies but this is surely non the instance. particularly in recent old ages. In fact. more than half of the migratory workers from all Latin American states going to the U. S. are adult females going by the ain will. Migrant workers as a whole are confided to the lower accomplishment sector of the labour market. and the adult females among these migratory workers normally merely find work in the lowest manual places such as child care. industrial cleansing. nutrient processing and stitching. Not merely are female migratory workers given the worst of already hapless occupations. they are about ever paid less than their male migrator opposite numbers. Employers have besides caught on to one cardinal trait among female migratory workers. many of them are unwilling to demand higher rewards or kick about working conditions merely because they are responsible for their kids at place. This leads many employers to capable adult females to longer hours. lower wage and worse working conditions than they would anticipate a male worker to set up with ( Cultural Survival 1 ) . As I had antecedently stated. migratory workers play a cardinal function in reaping and treating our states nutrient. A really challenging illustration of the function that female Mexican migrator workers play in this sector of our economic system involves Maryland’s crab industry. Each twelvemonth. 100s of Mexican adult females travel to the Eastern Shore of Maryland to work for Maryland crab companies. These adult females by and large enter the U. S. lawfully. by obtaining a impermanent work visa known as an H-2B Visa. Although the H-2B plan was originally intended to the employer to temporarily supplement his current domestic work force with migratory workers. most of Maryland’s crab companies have begun to trust entirely on H-2B workers. The H-2B plan is rather similar to the authorities plans I mentioned earlier. The cardinal similarity and cause for concern is the fact that an H-2B invitee worker is basically bound by ordinances to a individual employer. so any demand for higher rewards or better working conditions can still be met with the menace of exile ( Paral 8 ) . In order to obtain an H-2B visa most adult females meet with local recruiters in Mexico. These adult females are already being exploited before they leave their place town. as these H-2B recruiters illicitly force them to pay big fees in order to obtain their H-2B licenses. Many of the adult females that can’t afford these fabricated fees wind up working out loans with their H-2B recruiter. which by and large have extortionate involvement rates that put the adult females further in debt. Legally. these recruiters are non allowed to bear down any fees but it is impossible to implement U. S. dealingss South of the boundary line. Employers are frequently able to direct certain messages via recruiters that violate U. S. Civil Rights Torahs. they are able to propose that recruiters discriminate when taking employees and are able to plead ignorance if of all time reprimanded for their recruiters behavior. After having their H-2B visas. the adult females cross the boundary line and board a coach that will take them to Maryland. They are non informed how long the trip will take. and although they are told to convey American dollars to purchase nutrient. many adult females either can non afford to eat or are excessively intimidated by the linguistic communication barrier to shop for nutrient and as a consequence go the full 2-3 twenty-four hours bus trip without eating ( Kloer 1 ) . When these adult females eventually do it to Maryland they typically rent houses that are owned by their employers and located on islands in Chesapeake Bay. Crab companies are non lawfully required to supply lodging for the crab choosers. but most ain and operate lease houses in order to guarantee that their workers remain close to the crab picking houses. The houses non located on islands may merely every bit good be. because during high tide the Bridgess and roads linking them with the mainland become unpassable. These houses are normally in really hapless status and the adult females frequently complain about such jobs as non-working ranges. leaks. and hapless plumbing. These ill maintained houses have besides been known to house up to 30 adult females at one clip. some adult females interviewed reported sharing a sleeping room with up to 7 other adult females. Most adult females must either portion beds with other adult females or kip on the floor and by and large have small to no privateness while remaining in rental lodging. To exceed it off. really few companies give keys to their renters which means they can non even lock their houses to protect their ownerships while working in the crab picking houses ( AUWCL 3 ) . Many of the lease houses besides have jobs that are in direct misdemeanor of the counties lodging codification. such as broken Windowss and mold infestations. Despite these misdemeanors. no legal action has been taken by the county in order to guarantee that these rental houses be in liveable status. Not merely are the living conditions of these rental belongingss really hapless. populating on an island is besides damaging to the adult females in some really important ways. Since these adult females reside on an island when non working. they become really stray from the remainder of the local community. One about admirations if these houses weren’t strategically placed by the employers. because populating in such isolation shields their predicament from the locals and besides forces them to trust entirely on their employer ( Kloer 2 ) . Since there is no public transit to and from the island. and these adult females can non afford to purchase a boat. they must trust on their employer for transit to the mainland. Many companies merely arrange transit for their workers hebdomadally and on fixed yearss. because there is limited infinite on the boat merely a limited figure of adult females can travel to town at one time. As a consequence of this some adult females reported holding to wait two or three hebdomads before they could acquire to the mainland to buy food markets. this meant that they had to trust on fellow workers for nutrient and other points.

Womens Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment

Women's Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment After the American Civil War, several legal challenges faced the newly-reunited nation. One was how to define a citizen so that former slaves, and other African Americans, were included. (The Dred Scott decision, before the Civil War, had declared that black people had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.) The citizenship rights of those who had rebelled against the federal government or who had participated in secession were also in question. One response was the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified July 28, 1868. The Fight for Postwar Rights During the Civil War, the developing womens rights movement had largely put their agenda on hold, with most of the womens rights advocates supporting the Union efforts. Many of the womens rights advocates had been abolitionists as well, and so they eagerly supported the war which they believed would end slavery. When the Civil War ended, womens rights advocates expected to take up their cause once again, joined by the male abolitionists whose cause had been won. But when the Fourteenth Amendment was proposed, the womens rights movement split over whether to support it as a means of finishing the job of establishing full citizenship for the freed slaves and other African Americans. Beginnings: Adding Male to the Constitution Why was the Fourteenth Amendment controversial in womens rights circles? Because, for the first time, the proposed Amendment added the word male into the US Constitution. Section 2, which dealt explicitly with voting rights, used the term male. And womens rights advocates, especially those who were promoting suffrage, or the granting of the vote to women, were outraged. Some womens rights supporters, including Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Frederick Douglass, supported the Fourteenth Amendment as essential to guaranteeing black equality and full citizenship, even though it was flawed in only applying voting rights to males. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the efforts of some womens suffrage supporters to try to defeat both the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because the Fourteenth Amendment included the offensive focus on male voters. When the Amendment was ratified, they advocated, without success, for a universal suffrage amendment. Each side of this controversy saw the others as betraying basic principles of equality: supporters of the 14th Amendment saw the opponents as betraying efforts for racial equality, and opponents saw the supporters as betraying efforts for the equality of the sexes. Stone and Howe founded the American Woman Suffrage Association and a paper, the Womans Journal. Anthony and Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association and began publishing the Revolution. The rift would not be healed until, in the late years of the 19th century, the two organizations merged into the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Myra Blackwell and Equal Protection Though the second article of the  Fourteenth Amendment  introduced the word male into the Constitution in respect to voting rights, nevertheless some womens rights advocates decided that they could make a case for womens rights including suffrage on the basis of the first article of the Amendment, which did not distinguish between males and females in granting citizenship rights. The case of Myra Bradwell was one of the first to advocate for use of the 14th Amendment to defend womens rights. Bradwell had passed the Illinois law exam, and a circuit court judge and a state attorney had each signed a certificate of qualification, recommending that the state grant her a license to practice law. However, the Supreme Court of Illinois denied her application on October 6, 1869. The court took into consideration the legal status of a woman as a femme covert- that is, as a married woman, Myra Bradwell was legally disabled. She was, under the common law of the time, prohibited from owning property or entering into legal agreements. As a married woman, she had  no legal existence apart from her husband. Myra Bradwell challenged this decision. She took her case back to the Illinois Supreme Court, using the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection language in the first article to defend her right to choose a livelihood. In her brief, Bradwell wrote, that it is one of the privileges and immunities of women as citizens to engage in any and every provision, occupation or employment in civil life. While the Bradwell case raised the possibility that the 14th Amendment could justify womens equality, the Supreme Court were not ready to agree. In a much-quoted concurring opinion, Justice Joseph P. Bradley wrote: It certainly cannot be affirmed, as a historical fact, that [the right to choose ones profession] has ever been established as one of the fundamental privileges and immunities of the sex. Instead, he wrote, The paramount destiny and mission of women are to fulfill the noble and benign offices of wife and mother. Minor, Happersett, Anthony, and Womens Suffrage While the second article of the  Fourteenth Amendment  to the Constitution  specified certain voting rights connected with males only, womens rights advocates decided that the first article could be used instead to support the full citizenship rights of women. In a strategy carried out by the more radical wing of the movement, led by Anthony and Stanton,  womens suffrage  supporters attempted to cast ballots in 1872.  Anthony  was among those who did so; she was  arrested and convicted  for this action. Another woman,  Virginia Minor, was turned away from the St. Louis polls when she tried to vote⠁  - and her husband, Frances Minor, sued Reese Happersett, the registrar. (Under femme covert presumptions in the law, Virginia Minor could not sue in her own right.) The Minors brief argued that There can be no halfway citizenship. Woman, as a citizen in the United States, is entitled to all the benefits of that position, and liable to all its obligations, or to none. Once again, the Fourteenth Amendment was used to try to ground arguments for womens equality and the right as citizens to vote and hold office⠁  - but the courts did not agree. In a unanimous decision, the United States Supreme Court in  Minor v. Happersett  found that women born or naturalized in the United States were indeed American citizens, and that they always had been even before the Fourteenth Amendment. But the Supreme Court also found that voting was not one of the privileges and immunities of citizenship, and therefore states need not grant voting rights or suffrage to women. Reed v. Reed Applies the Amendment to Women In 1971, the Supreme Court heard arguments in the case of  Reed v. Reed. Sally Reed had sued when Idaho law presumed that her estranged husband should be automatically selected as executor of the estate of their son, who had died without naming an executor. The Idaho law stated that males must be preferred to females in choosing estate administrators. The Supreme Court, in an opinion written by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, decided that the  Fourteenth Amendment  did prohibit such unequal treatment on the basis of sex⠁  - the first US Supreme Court decision to apply the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause to gender or sexual distinctions. Later cases have refined the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to sex discrimination, but it was more than 100 years after passage of the Fourteenth Amendment before it was finally applied to womens rights. Expanding Rights in Roe v. Wade In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court found in  Roe v. Wade  that the Fourteenth Amendment restricted, on the basis of the Due Process clause, the governments ability to restrict or prohibit abortions. Any criminal abortion statute that did not take into account the stage of pregnancy and other interests than merely the life of the mother was deemed to be a violation of due process. Text of the Fourteenth Amendment The entire text of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 28, 1868, is as follows: Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.Section. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.Section. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.Section. 4. The validity of the public deb t of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.Section. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Text of the Fifteenth Amendment Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Archaeology of Olive Domestication

Archaeology of Olive Domestication Olives are the fruit of a tree that today can be found as nearly 2,000 separate cultivars within the Mediterranean basin alone. Today olives come in a huge variety of fruit sizes, shape, and color, and they are grown on every continent except Antarctica. And that may in part be why the history and domestication story of olives is a complicated one. Olives in their native state are virtually inedible by humans, although domestic animals like cattle and goats dont seem to mind the bitter flavor. Once cured in brine, of course, olives are very tasty. Olive wood burns even when wet; which makes it very useful and that may be one attractive characteristic that drew people towards the management of olive trees. One later use was for olive oil, which is virtually smoke-free and can be used in cooking and lamps, and in many other ways. Olive History The olive tree (Olea europaea var. europaea) is thought to have been domesticated from the wild oleaster (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), at a minimum of nine different times. The earliest probably dates to the Neolithic migration into the Mediterranean basin, ~6000 years ago. Propagating olive trees is a vegetative process; that is to say, successful trees are not grown from seeds, but rather from cut roots or branches buried in the soil and allowed to root, or grafted onto other trees. Regular pruning helps the grower keep access to the olives in the lower branches, and olive trees are known to survive for centuries, some reportedly for as much as 2,000 years or more. Mediterranean Olives The first domesticated olives are likely from the Near East (Israel, Palestine, Jordan), or at least the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, although some debate persists about its origins and spread. Archaeological evidence suggests that the domestication of olive trees spread into the western Mediterranean and North Africa by the Early Bronze Age, ~4500 years ago. Olives, or more specifically olive oil, has a significant meaning to several Mediterranean religions: see the History of Olive Oil for a discussion of that. Archaeological Evidence Olive wood samples have been recovered from the Upper Paleolithic site of Boker in Israel. The earliest evidence of olive use discovered to date is at Ohalo II, where ca 19,000 years ago, olive pits and wood fragments were found. Wild olives (oleasters) were used for oils throughout the Mediterranean basin during the Neolithic period (ca 10,000-7,000 years ago). Olive pits have been recovered from the Natufian period (ca 9000 BC) occupations in Mount Carmel in Israel. Palynological (pollen) studies on the contents of jars have identified the use of  olive oil presses by the early Bronze Age (ca 4500 years ago) in Greece and other parts of the Mediterranean. Scholars using molecular and archaeological evidence (presence of pits, pressing equipment, oil lamps, pottery containers for oil, olive timber, and pollen, etc.) have identified separate domestication centers in Turkey, Palestine, Greece, Cyprus, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Corsica, Spain, and France. DNA analysis reported in Diez et al. (2015) suggests that the history is complicated by admixture, connecting domesticated versions with wild versions throughout the region. Important Archaeological Sites Sites Archaeological sites important to understanding the domestication history of the olive include Ohalo II, Kfar Samir, (pits dated to 5530-4750 BC); Nahal Megadim (pits 5230-4850 cal BC) and Qumran (pits 540-670 cal AD), all in Israel; Chalcolithic Teleilat Ghassul (4000-3300 BC), Jordan; Cueva del Toro (Spain). Sources and Further Information Plant Domestication and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Breton C, Pinatel C, Mà ©dail F, Bonhomme F, and Bervillà © A. 2008. Comparison between classical and Bayesian methods to investigate the history of olive cultivars using SSR-polymorphisms. Plant Science 175(4):524-532. Breton C, Terral J-F, Pinatel C, Mà ©dail F, Bonhomme F, and Bervillà © A. 2009. The origins of the domestication of the olive tree. Comptes Rendus Biologies 332(12):1059-1064. Diez CM, Trujillo I, Martinez-Urdiroz N, Barranco D, Rallo L, Marfil P, and Gaut BS. 2015. Olive domestication and diversification in the Mediterranean Basin. New Phytologist 206(1):436-447. Elbaum R, Melamed-Bessudo C, Boaretto E, Galili E, Lev-Yadun S, Levy AA, and Weiner S. 2006. Ancient olive DNA in pits: preservation, amplification and sequence analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(1):77-88. Margaritis E. 2013. Distinguishing exploitation, domestication, cultivation, and production: the olive in the third millennium Aegean. Antiquity 87(337):746-757. Marinova, Elena. An experimental approach for tracing olive processing residues in the archaeobotanical record, with preliminary examples from Tell Tweini, Syria. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, Jan M. A. van der Valk, Soultana Maria Valamoti, et al., 20(5), ResearchGate, September 2011. Terral JF, Alonso N, Capdevila RBi, Chatti N, Fabre L, Fiorentino G, Marinval P, Jord GP, Pradat B, Rovira N, et al. 2004. Historical biogeography of olive domestication ( Journal of Biogeography 31(1):63-77.Olea europaea L.) as revealed by geometrical morphometry applied to biological and archaeological material.

Social Contract Theory of John Locke Research Paper

Social Contract Theory of John Locke - Research Paper Example The US constitution includes the Bill of rights, which protects the freedom, liberty, and other rights of the individuals; at the same time, the constitution specifies the scope of authority of the President, the Judiciary, and the Congress. Thus, the constitution in its true sense in indeed a contract between the individuals and the state, whereby the natural laws of the individuals are intact and the state authority has been specified as well. Moreover, the criminal justice system also follows the principals of Locke`s social contract theory, as the system ensures that the rights and the belongings of individuals are protected, and, by collective submissiveness to law, all citizens empower the system to take punitive action against the violators. In this context, one can conclude that freedom leads to complete independence and liberation; however, as per the social contract, one also has to fulfill the duties and comply with ethical standards to obtain one`s own rights. Social cont ract is an intellectual, even political theoretical paradigm, which focuses on the origins of the society and the legitimacy of the state authority over the individuals of the state. The basic tenet of this theory implies that the individuals of the state have permitted the state to exercise power over them to protect their rights and freedoms; in other words, there is a social contract between the state and the individuals – the people will give authority to the government and, in turn, seek the protection of their natural laws. Different theorists have come up with their own versions of the theory, with the same basic assumptions but, however, with minute differences in the perspectives. Hugo Grotius (1625) gave the idea of the natural laws and argued that all individuals should comply with the moral and religious values to ensure that everyone receives their due share of rights. Thomas Hobbes has an important contribution to the development of the theory, as he suggested t hat a social contract resulted between individuals and the state due to the anarchy, which was the reason behind poor living conditions of the individuals. Rousseau, on the other hand, gave a different version of the theory, as he believed that the general will of the people should be considered for the social contract, as every person has the right to express his or her will – thus he aimed at attaining social contract not by collective will but rather by the general will of the individuals. However, Pierre-Joseph’s version of the social contract implies that the contract is a result of the individuals trying to avoid coercion from other individuals; he argued that the contract is a result of â€Å"†¦ An agreement with a man to a man...† (Morris, 1990). However, Locke`s form of social contract theory implies that the individuals would willingly form a state in an effort to protect their natural rights by virtue of the state, which would further be discusse d in detail. (Morris, 1990) John Locke is of the view that the natural law transcends all other man-made laws, and thus, to protect these natural laws, the individuals themselves willingly give authority to

Cahapter 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11000 words

Cahapter 6 - Essay Example Steel being the choice of material, this geometric form adopted with few change by architects of different era and became a distinctive feature of Modern Architecture (Arnold 1996). Besides architectural factor, several steel building, rising up with architectural setback, is outcome of the zoning and planning regulation mandated for the region. Geometric form with architectural setback mandated by urban planning and zoning regulations for high-rise building and skyscraper located in medium and higher density district. First zoning laws in New York first mandated this building form, in 1916 to reduce the shadow of the high-rise building at street and sidewalk (Naeim 1989). According to New York zoning law, the buildings established between 1916 and 1960 raised up to certain height. The height of lower part defined with respect to the width of the street on which building established. Hence, in narrow streets, the setback started at lower story. Starting from that level, they had to s et back until the plan area of one fourth of whole site reached. (New York Skyscrapers 1996) In early years, the effect of setback on seismic performance of steel frames was not main concerns of architects and engineers, especially, if they were constructed in medium or low seismicity region. Although, few steel frames experienced severe damage during past earthquake, no direct correlation between the damage and vertical irregularity found (Youssef, Bonowitz & Gross 1995). In several regions, restrictions set for different building, believed unnecessary for buildings designed with steel frames. (Arnold 1996) and (Naeim 1989) Earthquake resistant design provisions and guidelines, addresses the vertical geometric irregularity as an issue related with the accuracy and reliability of analytical methods, used to define elastic and inelastic seismic demands. Once the

Bmw’s Dream Factory and Culture Essay Example for Free

Bmw’s Dream Factory and Culture Essay The culture at BMW is an entrepreneurial culture which emphasizes creativity, risk taking and the bottom-up system of freewheeling ideas. The top-down management style is popular in Germany but not at the BMW. As soon as associates start working at the BMW, they will have the sense of the place, history and the mission of the company. BMW creates a working environment that promotes easier communications between leaders and employees. Every employee can contribute his or her ideas and creations via either formal or informal ways. For example, an employee sees his or her supervisor by chance on the way to lunch, he/she can tell this person of the idea which has just happened in his/her mind. More importantly, their voices and their ideas are heard, welcomed and brought into discussions and consideration. As a result, a car from BMW is often a production of thousands of impromptu brainstorming sessions. Furthermore, BMW cares for the benefits of its employees. It includes all employees in profit sharing. It has a plan that distributes as much as one and a half months’ extra pay at the end of the year to employees. The company also provides a high level of job security for its employees. Lastly, BMW also focuses on high-quality but practical products which meet the demand of consumers and are highly competitive with other auto producers. The company’s near-failure from producing impractical and expensive cars during the postwar time in 1959 was a big lesson for them. This near-failure is always retold and mentioned in all new orientations for the new associates. It helps to remind all employees at BMW of a lesson learned for the company in developing its plans in the future and ensuring that kind of mistake should never happen again. 2. Discuss the model of leadership illustrated at BMW. The model of leadership illustrated at BMW is the consideration model of leadership. The leaders at BMW have close relationships with subordinates that are based on mutual trust, two-way and open communications, and respect for employees’ ideas. The managers at BMW must stay humble and work closely with subordinates and their peers. The Leipzig factory, which looks like an art museum, is a very creative working environment that can make the communications between managers and employees easier. Managers at BMW are the ones who know to make the right questions to ask their subordinates, not the ones who have all the right answers. They also emphasize the satisfaction of their employees’ needs and provide as many benefits to their employees as possible. They are approachable and always willing to listen to their employees. They think if the employees are well motivated, better cars will be produced. . Discuss how the leadership model contributes to the culture. The leadership model at BMW shortens the distance between leaders and subordinates. The relationships between them are built on mutual trust. Employees can feel free to raise their innovative ideas to their managers anytime and anywhere. When the employees see that their voice is heard, they are more encouraged to talk. Moreover, the company cares for the employees’ benefits. In return, the employees are very flexible to contribute their best for the company. The employees do not mind working temporarily for months in another work location which requires them to be far away from their family. They are willing to work for extra hours without being concerned about overtime. In summary, the leadership model at BMW has made it such a culture that is quite distinct from other German companies. 4. Discuss why employees derive high job satisfaction at BMW. The employees of BMW derive high job satisfaction because their benefits are well cared of, their voice is heard and their hard work is highly appreciated. Also, their job security at BMW is high. Any employees, regardless of what grade they are, can contribute their ideas and their innovations to the company’s managers easily. There are no complicated, formal processes or procedures required to send their ideas to their management teams. Furthermore, when the company gets more profits, the employees will also be more benefited. Good working environment is developed and paid attention to. In conclusion, BMW’s employees are highly motivated so they are satisfied and willing to contribute more to the development of the company.

How do You Determine Asking Price when You Sell a Website? :: Sell Websites Buy Web Sites

How do You Determine Asking Price when You Sell a Website? Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com When you have finally made the difficult decision to sell your website the first thing that needs to be established is the asking price. Setting the asking price is not an arbitrarily process. If a website is priced well below where it should be, two things will most likely happen: First, you will not sell the business for the profit you should and you and or your co-owners/shareholders have been poorly served at best. And second, you might find that you will have more trouble selling it than if priced appropriately higher. If your website is priced too low, it will appear to most buyers that the deal must be too good to be true. And we all know what we have been told about that. So beware, low pricing may actually scare away otherwise interested buyers. Of course, it goes without saying that if the website is priced too high then there will be little or no interest on the part of serious buyers. An irrational asking price is not going to help you achieve your goal of finding a buyer for your website. Now that we have discussed the importance of pricing and what not to do, let me next say there is no exact science for coming up with an exact asking price. We must deal with a strange mix of art and science. The best asking price is that which will attract the greatest number of potential buyers. In our effort to determine this optimal price, we must resort to guidelines and â€Å"rules of thumb.† One of the most popular â€Å"rules of thumb† being used today is the Cash-flow or Revenue Multiple Method. Essentially you multiply your annual pre-tax earnings by some multiple of x and you have your price range. When a website has little or no earnings, then a similar method is applied on the revenue number. Both buyers and sellers widely use this method because of the relative consistency and measurability. Also for buyers, they can easily determine their ROI (return on investment) as the multiple can be viewed as some number of years. For instance, XYC.com has annual net profits of $500,000 and they will use the range of for a low-end of two times (or â€Å"2 X† as you will often hear) and an upper range of six times.

Les Demoiselles D’avignon Essay

My museum paper is on the Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, painted by Pablo Picasso in Paris, June-July 1907. Oil on canvas, 8’x7’ 8† (243.9Ãâ€"233.7cm). He became one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century and the creator (with Georges Braque) of Cubism. A Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer, Picasso was considered radical in his work. Born October 25, 1881, Malaga, Spain, and after a long prolific career, he died April 8, 1973 in Mougins, France. This was my first time at the Museum of Modern Art; I never went there because I never had everyone to go with me. I went with my cousin; she is an art teacher and who better to go to the Museum of Modern Art with then an art teacher. When we first got to the museum there wasn’t much to see in the lobby. We went on the escalator to the fifth floor were hundreds of people walking all thought-out the galleries. My cousin explained all the different types of art and artists to me as we were walking though the galleries. I ended up in the Alfred H. Barr Jr. Painting and Sculpture Galleries where I seen a painting from a French painter, Fernand Leger called â€Å"Women with a Book† I thought that was the painting that I wanted to do my report on, but when I seen art work from Pablo Picasso like, The Studio, Ma Jolie and The Three Musician I was speechless. Some of his work that I seen at the museum was breathtaking, but one in particular caught my eye; it was the Les Demoise lles d’Avignon. It is located in the Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller, Second Gallery. As you walk into the gallery, the â€Å"Les Demoiselles d’Avignon† is the first painting you see, because of how large it is, and all the bright colors in the art work. When I seen the Les Demoiselles d’Avignon in my art book I through that it was a nice painting, but when I stood right in-front of it I was astonish. The Les Demoiselles d’Avignon is not just a painting; it truly is a master piece. There had to be about thirty people standing around the Les Demoiselles d’Avignon and another twenty people looking at the other art work in the room. Some people were just standing looking at the painting, some taking pictures. As I, started taking pictures of Les Demoiselles d’Avignon I couldn’t help but notice the painting to the right, it was called â€Å"Repose† and to the left was another painting called the â€Å"Two Nudes† both are painted by Picasso. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon are the woman of Avignon, the term demoiselles (meaning â€Å"young ladies†), was a euphemism for prostitutes and â€Å"Avignon† refers not to the French town but to a street in the red-light district of the city of Barcelona where Picasso was a young artist. (Art A Brief History), pg 532. Print. The d’Avignon are actually five prostitutes, and these are five women naked. They’re looking at us, as much as we’re looking at them. The very early studies show a sailor walking into this curtained room where the ladies stand and the woman on the far left now has the traces of having been that man entering the room, and you can even feel a certain masculinity in the sort of sculptural carving of her body and the way that the very large foot is stepping toward the others. It almost seem like it’s a build-up of geometric forms, and if you look at the chest of the woman at the very top right, you can see one of these cubes making up the space underneath her chin, thus the name Cubism. One striking aspect of this painting is the way that it’s staged on which these women are painted, is almost looming out at the viewer. Rather than feeling like these woman are nice and safely set back in some kind of room, that you are peering into. I feel like the woman are almost piled on top of each other. Piled in such a way that the canvas is almost stepping out at the viewer. Its part of the desire of the painting to confront you, I think physically, psychologically, as well as intellectually with everything that’s going on in it. It’s painted in pinkish, peach flesh skin tones against a back drop of brown, white and blue curtains. The figures are very flat and theirs is little illusion that these are real bodies. Looking at the five figu res from left to right, the woman to the far left is standing in profile facing right with her left hand; she reaches up behind her head to hold an orange brown curtain back. She has long straight black hair falling down her back. Her head, from the neck up peers to be in shadow or sun-tan, it’s a darker brown than the pinkish flesh of her body. She stares straight ahead expressionless. Her right eye from the front view is large, simplified and out-lined in black with a black pupil surrounded by brown. Her right arm hangs stiffly by her side. Her breast jets forward in a ruff square shape. Beside this figure, in the center of this painting are two women looking directly forward, straight out of the canvas. Their black eyes are wide and uneven. Their left eye brows extend a sweeping line to form simplify noses. Their mouths are straight lines. The one on the left raises her bent right elbow and places her hand behind her head, as if posing seductively. Her black hair is pulled back and falls behind her left shoulder. Her breasts are half circles; none of the women’s breast has nipples. The women on the right, raises both arms and puts both hands behind her hand. Her dark brown hair is pulled into a high bun. The last two figures don’t fit in with the painting, they are unexpected. The one to the top right stands back, her raised arms parting the blue curtain on which she’s coming out from. Her black hair hangs down her back; one eye socket black and empty. Her nose, like her face is large and elongated, striped diagonally in green across her cheek, suggesting less the face of a human then the forms of an African mask. In front of her, is another woman she is sitting or squatting, elbow on one raised knee which jets forward at the center of the painting almost looks as if her back is facing the viewer, but that is not true because her dark tan face is turned towards the viewer. She raises her arm to her face and beneath her chin is a large ambiguous form recalling a boomerang, it might be her hand, or a piece of melon she’s eating. Her body is flat and her nose is also stripped. Her face looks like a mask, and she has one uneven eye completely white, the other completely blue. The drapery behind them doesn’t hang softly; it looks like shatter pieces of glass with blue and white tones. In the center at the bottom of the painting are assorted fruits on a wrinkle white cloth; a pear, an apple, grapes and a slice of melon. The pear and apple have shrieks of red in them, the melon is reddish too and the grapes are grayish white. In conclusion, my experience at the Museum of Modern Art was delightful. Walking through the museum and seeing ancient statues and painting from so many different decades was so fulfilling. I didn’t realize how much I enjoy looking at art work; I just wanted to see more and more. I kept asking myself, how did they do this? How did they do that? What were they thinking when they paint this? Even though I didn’t get all my answers I was like a sponge, soaking it all up. What a wonderful, amazing day. I will definitely go back. Bibliography: Cothren Michael W., and Marilyn Stokstad. Art: A Brief History 4th ed. Page.531, 19-7. Acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest (333.1939) Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London. (2010-2007) Print. Museum of Modern Art 11 West 53 Street, New York, NY 10019. April 29, 2012 Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. 1907. Oil on canvas, 8†² x 7†² 8†³ (243.9 x 233.7 cm). Acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest.  © 2003 Estate of Pablo Picasso/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. http://www.moma.org/ Web. (2012).

Alternative hypothesis Essay

A hypothesis is a statement about the value of a population parameter. The population of interest is so large that for various reasons it would not be feasible to study all the items, or persons, in the population. Analternative to measuring or interviewing the entire population is to take a sample from the population of interest. We can, therefore, test a statement to determine whether the empirical evidence does or does not support the statement. Hypothesis testing starts with a statement, or assumption, about a population parameter – such as the population mean. As noted, this statement is referred to as a hypothesis. A hypothesis might be that the mean monthly commission of salespeople in retail computer stores is $2,000. We cannot contact all these salespeople to ascertain that the mean is in fact $2,000. The cost of locating and interviewing every computer salesperson in the whole country would be exorbitant. To test the validity of the assumption (population mean = $2,000), we must select a sample from the population consisting of all computer salespeople, calculate sample statistics, and based on certain decision rules accept or reject the hypothesis. A sample mean of $1,000 for the computer salespeople would certainly cause rejection of the hypothesis. However, suppose the sample mean is $1,995. Is that close enough to $2,000 for us to accept the assumption that the population mean is $2,000? Can we attribute the difference of $5 between the two means to sampling (chance), or is that difference statistically significant? Hypothesis testing is a procedure based on sample evidence and probability theory to determine whether the hypothesis is a reasonable statement and should not be rejected, or is unreasonable and should be rejected. The null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis The null hypothesis is a tentative assumption made about the value of a population parameter. The alternative hypothesis is a statement that will be accepted if our sample data provide us with ample evidence that the null hypothesis is false. Five-step procedure for testing a hypothesis There is a five-step procedure that systematizes hypothesis testing. The steps are: Step 1. State null and alternative hypotheses. Step 2. Select a level of significance. Step 3. Identify the test statistic. Step 4. Formulate a decision rule. Step 5. Take a sample, arrive at decision (accept H 0 or reject H 0 and accept H 1 ). The first step is to state the hypothesis to be tested. It is called the null hypothesis, designated H 0 , and read â€Å" H sub-zero†. The capital letter H stands for hypothesis, and the subscript zero implies â€Å"no difference†. The null hypothesis is set up for the purpose of either accepting or rejecting it. To put it another way, the null hypothesis is a statement that will be accepted if our sample data fail to provide us with convincing evidence that it is false. It should be emphasized at this point that if the null hypothesis is accepted based on sample data, in effect we are saying that the evidence does not allow us to reject it. We cannot state, however, that the null hypothesis is true. That means, accepting the null hypothesis does not prove that H 0 is true – to prove without any doubt that the null hypothesis is true, the population parameter would have to be known. To actually determine it, we would have to test, survey, or count every item in the population and this is usually not feasible. It should also be noted that we often begin the null hypothesis by stating: â€Å"there is no significant difference between†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . When we select a sample from a population, the sample statistic is usually different from the hypothesized population parameter. We must make a judgment about the difference: is it a significant difference, or is the difference between the sample statistic and the hypothesized population parameter due to chance (sampling)? To answer this question, we conduct a test of significance. The alternative hypothesis describes what you will believe if you reject the null hypothesis. It is often called the research hypothesis, designated H 1 , and read â€Å" H sub-one†, so the alternative hypothesis will be accepted if the sample data provide us with evidence that the null hypothesis is false. The level of significance The next step, after setting up the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, is to state the level of significance. It is the risk we assume of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. The level of significance is designated ï  ¡ , the Greek letter alpha. There is no one level of significance that is applied to all studies involving sampling. A decision must be made to use the 0.05 level (often stated as the 5 percent level), the 0.01 level, the 0.10 level, or any other level between 0 and 1. Traditionally, the 0.05 level is selected for customer research projects, 0.01 for quality assurance, and 0.10 for political polling – and the chosen level is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. The test statistic The test statistic is a value, determined from sample information, used to accept or reject the null hypothesis. There are many test statistics: z , t , and others. The decision rule; acceptance and rejection regions A decision rule is simply a statement of the conditions under which the null hypothesis is accepted or rejected. To accomplish this, the sampling distribution is divided into two regions, aptly called the region of acceptance and the region of rejection. The region or area of rejection defines the location of all those values that are so large or so small that the probability of their occurrence under a true null hypothesis is rather remote. Chart 4.1 portrays the regions of acceptance and rejection for a test of significance (a one-tailed test is being applied and the 0.05 level of significance was chosen). Note in Chart 4.1: ïÆ'Ëœ The value 1.645 separates the regions of acceptance and rejection (the value 1.645 is called the critical value). ïÆ'Ëœ The area of acceptance includes the area to the left of 1.645. ïÆ'Ëœ The area of rejection is to the right of 1.645. Thus, the critical value is a number that is the dividing point between the region of acceptance and the region of rejection. Chart 4.1. Sampling distribution for the statistic z ; regions of acceptance and rejection for a right-tailed test; 0.05 level of significance

Madison Needs to Go essays

Madison Needs to Go essays As a foreign policy expert, I am strongly against James Madisons own foreign policies. (For those of you who are not sure who James Madison is, he is who succeeded Thomas Jefferson) I cant conceive of four more years with him and his policies, half of which led us (the U. S) into the war of 1812. Sure people make a few mistakes in their lives, however these days not many individuals are capable of starting up a whole war. For example, The freedom of Seas Britain seized American ships and impressments of American sailors. The issue of freedom of seas was brought up in Madisons War message to congress yet it backfired, and cause much more controversy. The war of 1812 consisted of three major aspects. The American invasion of Canada which was mainly Madisons idea, then the burning of Washington as a retaliation to the invasion of Canada and lastly Fort McHenry of Baltimore. Those three pieces twisted, shaped and led the war of 1812. However, without James Madisons careless mistakes, this stupid war-Mr. Dasher- would never have occurred. Although Madison seeks out good intensions and portrayed great efforts for peace, he was unsuccessful. His foreign policy had failed miserably. It seemed that the more Madison tried to use diplomatic negotiations to protect American shipping, the more the American spirit of war continued to grow. How can we let this error filled character lead us, (the mighty and powerful United States of America) into another one of his terms? Four more years of his thus far, unsuccessful policy which is, in the long run, accomplishing almost nothing. We have already dealt with them for the past 2 terms (eight years!) The president cares much more, and is spending much more time with his wife, Dolley, He claims that he likes the social whirl but he just doesnt seem to care eno ...

Ragnar Lodbrok

Ragnar Lodbrok Many people have heard of Ragnar Lodbrok, or Lothbrok, thanks to the History Channel drama series Vikings. However, the character of Ragnar isnt new- hes existed in Norse mythology for a long time. Lets take a look at who the real Ragnar Lodbrok was- or wasnt. Ragnar Lodbrok Fast Facts Historians arent sure if Ragnar Lodbrok really existed; it is most likely that he is a composite of multiple historical figures.The sons of Ragnar Lodbrok feature prominently in Norse mythology and history.According to legend, Lodbrok was a great warrior king who invaded England and West Frankia. Ragnar Loà °brà ³k, whose surname means Hairy Breeches, was a legendary Viking warrior who is described in the Norse sagas, as well as numerous medieval Latin sources written by Christian chroniclers, but scholars arent sure if he existed at all. Norse vs. Frankish Accounts In the Norse legends, Sigurà °r hringr, or Sigurd Ring, was the king of Sweden, and battled against the Danish leader Harald Wartooth; Sigurd defeated Harald and became king of both Denmark and Sweden. After his death, his son Ragnar Lodbrok succeeded him and took the throne. According to the sagas, Lodbrok and his sons killed Haralds son Eysteinn, and then led an invasion into England. According to the Icelandic saga Ragnarssona à ¾ttr, The Tale of Ragnars Sons, during this invasion, Lodbrok was captured and executed by the Nortumbrian king Ælla, and so his sons sought vengeance and attacked Ællas stronghold. The legend holds that the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok then executed the Northumbrian king in retaliation, although English sources claim he died in battle at York. Despite the accounts in the Norse sagas, its possible that Ragnar Lodbrok was someone else entirely. In 845 c.e., Paris was under siege by an invading force of Northmen- led by a man who is identified in Frankish sources as a Viking chieftain named Ragnar. Historians dispute whether or not this is the same Ragnar named in the sagas; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle indicates that the Ragnar who invaded and conquered Paris is unlikely to be the one referred to in the Norse legends. What is more likely, according to academics, is that the character we know today as Ragnar Lodbrok is an amalgamation of the Norse chieftain who took over Paris and the legendary warrior king who was killed when King Ælla threw him into a pit of serpents. In other words, Lodbrok is a literary composite of at least two different figures, as well as several Norse chieftains. However, several of his sons are documented as historical figures; Ivar the Boneless, Bjà ¶rn Ironside, and Sigurd Snake-in-the-eye are all considered part of Viking history. The Sons of Ragnar Lodbrok According to the Norse legends, Lodbrok had several sons by different women. In the Gesta Danorum, a book of Danish history written in the twelfth century by a Christian chronicler, he was first married to the shield maiden Lagertha, with whom he had at least one son and a daughter; Lagertha is largely believed to be representative of Thorgerd, a warrior goddess, and may be a mythical figure. Lorado / Getty Images Lodbrok divorced Lagertha and then married Thora, the daughter of an earl of Gotaland, with whom he had Eirà ­kr and Agnar; they were eventually killed in battle. Once Thora died, Lodbrok then married Aslaug, whose father was the legendary Sigurd the Dragon Slayer; Sigurds tale is told in the poetic edda, the  Nibelungenlied, and the saga of the Và ¶lsunga. Aslaugs mother was the Valkyrie shield maiden Brynhildr. Together, Lodbrok and Aslaug had at least four sons. Ivar the Boneless, also called Ivar Ragnarsson, earned his nickname because according to Norse legend, his legs were deformed, although some sources say that boneless referred to impotence and an inability to have children. Ivar was instrumental in the conquest of Northumbria and the death of King Ælla. Bjà ¶rn Ironside formed a large naval fleet and sailed around West Frankia and into the Mediterranean. He later split up Scandinavia with his brothers, and took over rule of Sweden and Uppsala. Sigurd Snake-in-the-eye got his name from a mysterious serpent-shaped mark in one of his eyes. Sigurd married King Ællas daughter Blaeja, and when he and his brothers divided Scandinavia, became king of Zealand, Halland, and the Danish islands. Lodbroks son Hvitserk may have been conflated with Halfdan Ragnarsson in the sagas; there are no sources that mention them separately. Hvitserk means white shirt, and could have been a nickname used to distinguish Halfdan from other men of the same name, which was a fairly common one at the time. A fifth son, Ubba, appears in medieval manuscripts as one of the warriors of the Great Heathen Army that conquered England in the ninth century, but is not referenced in any of the earlier Norse source material. Sources Magnà ºsson Eirà ­kr, and William Morris. The Volsunga Saga. NorrÅ“na Society, 1907.Mark, Joshua J. â€Å"Twelve Great Viking Leaders.†Ã‚  Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 9 July 2019, www.ancient.eu/article/1296/twelve-great-viking-leaders/.â€Å"The Sons of Ragnar Lodbrok (Translation).†Ã‚  Fornaldarsà ¶gur Norà °urlanda, www.germanicmythology.com/FORNALDARSAGAS/ThattrRagnarsSonar.html.â€Å"Vikings: Women in Norse Society.†Ã‚  Daily Kos, www.dailykos.com/stories/2013/10/27/1250982/-Vikings-Women-in-Norse-Society.

Leadership at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership at Work - Essay Example Leadership and management share similar traits because management is indeed, quite similar to leadership in many potential ways. Leadership makes use of management in order to achieve its objectives. Unmanaged people can not be led. However, good leadership requires rational decision making skills, problem solving skills, organizing skills and right use and management of time. Effective leadership leads to an improved quality, stress regulation and innovation. Creativity and innovation are fundamentally required for effective leadership. Workplace constitutes employees that vary in their individualistic goals, concerns, aims, approaches, thinking, personalities, and behavior. Accordingly, they require to be dealt with in differing ways in order for the leader to get the optimum amount of work from them. Leadership is essential in order to ensure smooth running of work in any workplace. Therefore, managers appoint leaders after visualizing leadership qualities in them from among the employees, or in other cases, assume leadership themselves so that the employees may have clear indication of their duties and responsibilities. Theoretically, quite a lot of leadership theories have surfaced that include but are not limited to the Trait Theory, the Great Man Theory and Contingency Theory. For example, Trait Theory believes that few people are born with leadership traits (leadership-expert.co.uk, n.d.). A successful leader combines the traits righteously. However practically, many people have developed leadership qualities as per the need of the hour. Leadership as modeling requires an individual to be his/her own self, and stay confident about it. People generally are aware of their weaknesses, and tend to project an improvised image of their self, which saps originality and makes them look banal. Followers may loose trust in a leader whose leadership reflects banality. Decision making is one of the most

Using illustrative examples, examine why competition authorities might Essay

Using illustrative examples, examine why competition authorities might be concerned about the way large companies behave - Essay Example It has been evident that many large firms indulge in unfair competition to gain advantage over their competitors by unfair means (Hewitt, Clark and Phillips, 2009); therefore competition authorities across the world are concerned about their behaviour. Firms grow so large that unilaterally they harm competition through monopolising the market and take advantage of their size to block threats arising from potential or existing competitors (Hewitt, Clark and Phillips, 2009). For example Microsoft the world’s largest software company indulge in similar such practices that denied other software companies an opportunity to build and market products competing with Microsoft’s products by building licensing agreements that were restrictive, exclusionary and unreasonable and thus monopolizing the client operating- system market by anti- competitive strategies (Justice, 1994 and Bloomberg, 2012). Large companies often make vertical or horizontal agreements with other firms called as cartel to fix prices not considering the reaction of either of its rivals or customers. Dominant firms fix higher price knowing that their customers have few alternatives and little choice other than accepting the firm’s offered higher price (The Competition authority (a), 2013). For example Automobile giant Daimler Mercedes-Benz found guilty of fixing prices in collaboration with five of its van and truck dealers, also shared sensitive commercial information and to some extent market sharing that negatively affected the competition in UK market however they were fined by UK’s antitrust authority of about  £2.6 Million (Reed, 2012 and Binham, 2013). Apart from fixing prices they also control markets or production or make agreements to share markets or supply sources so that rivals supply sources gets restricted. When doing business with other trading parties they put different

Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Judaism - Essay Example Judaism's â€Å"Talmud† further explores and explains the religion's teachings, principles, and ethics. According to history, Judaism started with the Covenant between the patriarch, God, and progenitor, Abraham, of the Jews (Abrahams, 2008). The religion is still in practice today and has influenced other world religions like Islam and Christianity. Unlike the other religions in the contemporary world, the central authority in Judaism does not lie in the hands of single individual or group rather in holy writings, traditions, and learned Rabbis who give meaning to those writings and laws of the religion. Judaism has existed for thousands of years already but it remains loyal and true to most of its religious principles (Abrahams, 2008). Among its principles, the most important is the belief in one, omniscient, all powerful, kind, encompassing God, who made the universe and continues to oversees it. The traditional Jewish faith states that the God who made the universe created a covenant with the Israelites, and disclosed his laws and teachings to Moses on Mount Sinai in both the Written and Oral Torah forms, and the Jews are the progenies of the Israelites. It is the study and the observance of God's laws and teachings, as indicated in the Torah and further explained in the Talmud, that the traditional practice of Judaism revolves (Abrahams, 2008). As mentioned, the most important teaching of Judaism is the principle of Monotheism, or Unity of God that serves as the foundation of the religion. The Jews' faith in their one God is more than just being part of their religion. It is a passion and an inspiration that gives them the power and strength to endure tribulations and death. Many people believe that woman are discriminated against in the religious practice of Judaism when Judaism points out that God has both masculine and feminine qualities. It is also said that both man and woman are created in the image of God. This misunderstanding of inequality in men and women is interpreted by the higher power of men up until this very century (BBC, 2012). Most religions commemorate, or celebrate, with certain traditions. As for the Jewish traditions, they have a collection of ritual objects. First is the Yarmulke. This is a small cap that reminds the Jews that they must always live by the words of God at all times and in all places. Next there is the Tefillin. This object is a small leather box that has straps attached that are worn on the left forearm and on the forehead. The inside of these boxes contain scriptures, including the Shema which are little prayers written in the Jewish language. Finally, the last traditional wear is the Tallit. The Tallit is a prayer shawl with fringes that remind them of the commandments of the Torah. They put it on before prayer and worship. Another tradition, and a less amusing ritual, is the Brit Milah. To us, that is a Circumcision. Every baby boy on exactly their eighth day of life is circumcised. T hey also have traditions known as, Bar Mitzvahs for boys, or Bat Mitzvahs for girls. There is also the Baby-naming Ceremony. This tradition is slightly different today, in which many families chose to do this in their own homes, rather then in the Synagogue. A lot of holidays are celebrated with Judaism and they are not the average holidays. One such holiday is called the Passover. This is simply a celebration of the Jewish nation. On this holiday, that takes place on the fifteenth day of the Hebrew month, a Passover Seder is performed. This is where the Jews tell the story of Exodus while they endeavor to transition their life condition from slavery to emancipation. The

Biomedical instrumentation and measurement

Biomedical instrumentation and measurement INTRODUCTION: SA node controls the rate of hearts muscular contractions which enables the heart to circulate the blood throughout the body according to the need. Small variations in the heart beat are not harmful but in some cases due to malfunctioning of the hearts electrical system, the heart rate varies drastically resulting in different types of arrhythmias. These cardiac arrhythmias are serious disorders which should be treated immediately. Arrhythmias like bradycardia (low heart rate) can be treated using Pacemakers. Pacemakers can be implanted in the patients heart for permanently stimulating the heart. It is used for patients for whom the SA node is no longer functioning properly. External Pacemakers are also available which is used to treat temporary heart rate variations. It is used for a short period of time before the implanting the Internal Pacemakers in the heart. In order to understand the requirement of pacemakers, it is necessary to understand the functioning of the heart and its electrical system. HEART ITS ELECTRICAL SYSTEM: Heart is a pumping device which is used to circulate the blood throughout the body. It has four chambers namely Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle. The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood from the entire body through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins. When the atrium contracts the blood flows to the corresponding ventricle. This is due to atrial depolarization. When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is supplied to all tissues in the body through the aorta. This is due to ventricular depolarization. Similarly, the deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary artery during the contraction of right ventricle. This is due to ventricular repolarization. The Electrical conduction system of the heart consists of SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibers. The chambers of the heart should be stimulated electrically for contraction. The stimulations are provided by the SA node (Natural Pacemaker of the heart) which is located in the right atrium of the heart near the entrance of the superior vena cava. Although all the heart cells have the ability to produce electrical pulses which can stimulate the heart, SA node triggers the heart. The fact that SA node produces pulses at a higher rate when compared to other potential cells which can stimulate contraction, contributes to this phenomena. The contraction of various chambers of the heart is characterized in a very specific manner. As the electric pulses pass through each chamber of the heart, they are stimulated to contract. The SA node first triggers the right and left atrium to contract. Then the impulses travel to the AV node which is located between the atria and the ventricles . From AV node ,the pulses travel to the bundle of his. The pulses travel to the individual ventricles through the right and left bundle branch and reach the Purkinje fibers. If the SA node fails, then the AV node acts as the primary pacemaker. If the AV node fails, then the Purkinje fibers takes the responsibility. The SA node receives blood supply from right and left coronary arteries. Under ischaemic conditions, the death of the affected cells will stop the SA node from triggering the heart beat. There is a period of time following the stimulation of heart muscle during which no other action potential can trigger the heart muscles. This period is known as Absolute or Effective Refractory Period (ERP) of heart. It is normally around 0.4 sec. ERP is maintained as high as possible in order to maintain tachycardia and to coordinate the muscle contraction. The anti-arrhythmic drugs taken by the patients usually prolongs the ERP. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OF HEART ECG ITS SIGNIFICANCE: The electrical activity of the heart muscles is recorded as Electrocardiogram (ECG). It can be acquired non-invasively from the surface of the body by following specific lead configurations. The electrical current generated in the heart due to depolarization and repolarization is spread not only within the heart but also throughout the body. So, ECG can be easily acquired from the surface of the body through electrodes. ECG has four basic components namely, P wave, QRS complex, T wave and U wave. P wave occurs during atrial contraction due to atrial depolarization. The duration of the P wave ranges from 0.08- 0.1 sec. During the atrial depolarization, the impulse from the SA node spreads throughout the atrium. The time period between the onset of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex is about 0.12- 0.2 sec. During the zero potential period between the P wave and QRS complex, the impulse travels within the AV node and the Bundle of His.QRS complex occurs during ventricular c ontraction due to ventricular depolarization. The duration of the QRS complex ranges from 0.06-0.1 sec. T wave occurs during ventricular relaxation due to ventricular repolarization. Sometimes, a small positive U wave occurs following the T wave due to the last remnants of the ventricular repolarization. ELECTROCARDIOGAM NORMAL AND ABNORMAL ECG WAVES: Normal ECG: NORMAL ECG Heart rateis nothing but the number ofheartbeatsper unit oftimewhich is expressed as beats per minute (bpm) which can vary as the bodys need for oxygen changes, such as duringexercise or sleep. The measurement of heart rate is used bymedical professionalsto assist in thediagnosisand tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such asathletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training. TheR waveto R wave interval(RR interval) is the inverse of the heart rate ,that is one divided by RR interval gives the heart rate. Typical healthy resting heart rate in adults is 60-80 bpm which is referred to be normal heart rate,with rates below 60 bpm referred to asbradycardia and rates above 100 bpm referred to astachycardia. Missed ECG: MISSED ECG This can be detected when the R-R interval is twice the actual R-R interval (for normal subjects).Heart pulses misses at some intervals and does not follow the premature heart beat. Bradychardia: BRADYCARDIA This is a critical reduction of heart rate and characterized by normally directed abnormally wide P waves and normal PR interval. Whenever the R-R interval exceeds 1 sec the heart rate goes below 60 and the condition is referred to as Bradychardia. There are three types of Bradychardia conditions based on the characteristics of the ECG wave, they are Sinus bradychardia, Atrio-ventricular nodal bradychardia and ventricular bradychardia respectively. They are discussed below. Sinus bradycardia: SINUS BRADYCARDIA Sinus bradycardias are also called as Atrial bradychardias. This bradychardia condition is usually found in young and healthy adults. The symptoms represent with the individualsrespirations. Theabnormalpattern of eachinhalationcorresponds with the heart rate decreasing.Expirationcauses an increase in the hearts rate of contraction. This is thought to be caused by changes in the vagal tone duringrespiration. Sinus bradycardia is a sinus rhythm of less than 60 bpm. It is a common condition found in both healthy individuals and those who are considered wellconditioned athletes. The reason for this is that their heart muscle has become conditioned to have a higher stroke volume and therefore requires fewer contractions to circulate the same volume of blood. Sick sinus syndromecovers conditions that include severe sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block, sinus arrest, and bradycardi-tachycardia syndrome (atrial fibrillation, flutter, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia). Atrio ventricular nodal bradycardia: ATRIO VENTRICULAR NODAL BRADYCARDIA An atrio ventricular nodal bradycardia or AV junction rhythm is usually caused by the absence of the electrical impulse from thesinus node. This usually appear on anEKGwith a normal QRS complexaccompanied with an inverted P wave either before, during, or after the QRS complex. An AV junctional escape is a delayed heartbeat originating from anectopicfocus somewhere in theAV junction. It occurs when the rate ofdepolarizationof the SA node falls below the rate of the AV node.This dysrhythmia also may occur when the electrical impulses from the SA node fail to reach the AV node because of SA or AV block.This is a protective mechanism for the heart, to compensate for a SA node that is no longer handling the pace making activity, and is one of a series of backup sites that can take over pacemaker function when the SA node fails to do so. This would present with a longerPR interval. A junctional escape complex is a normal response that may result from excessive vagal tone on the SA node. Pathological causes include sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, sinus exit block, or AV block. Ventricular bradycardia: VENTRICULAR BRADYCARDIA This picture shows an ECG of a person with an abnormal rhythm (arrhythmia) called an atrioventricular (AV) block. P waves show that the top of the heart received electrical activity. Each P wave is usually followed by the tall (QRS) waves. QRS waves reflect the electrical activity that causes the heart to contract. When a P wave is present and not followed by a QRS wave (and heart contraction), there is an atrioventricular block, and a very slow pulse (bradycardia). PACEMAKER AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE: More than 60% people fall victim to heart attacks in most of the countries around the globe every year and thousands more are critically injured in accidents. Taking care of these patients in special care units involves the usage of specialized equipments like pacemakers along the other important ones. In the past few years electronic pacemaker systems have become the important one in saving lives of cardiac patients whose normal pacing functions have been impaired. Depending on the exact nature of a cardiac dysfunction, a patient may require temporary artificial pacing during the course of treatment or permanent pacing in order to lead an active, productive life after treatment. A device capable of generating artificial pacing impulses and delivering them to the heart is known as a pacemaker system (commonly called a pacemaker) and consists of a pulse generator and appropriate electrodes. Pacemakers are available in a variety of forms. They are mainly divided into two types External pacemakers and Internal pacemakers respectively. EXTERNAL PACEMAKER: External pacemakers are used on the patients with temporary heart irregularities, such as those encountered in the coronary patient, including heart blocks. They are also used for temporary management of certain arrhythmias that occur in the patients during critical postoperative periods and in the patients during cardiac surgery, especially if the surgery involves the values or septum. An external pacemaker usually consists of an externally worn pulse generator connected to electrodes located on or within the myocardium. External pacemakers, which include all types of pulse generators located outside the body, are normally connected through wires introduced into the right ventricle via a catheter catheter. The pulse generator may be strapped to the lower arm of a patient who is confined to bed, or worn at the midsection of an ambulatory patient. We have made the pacemaker which can be divided into two general categories namely Asynchronous pacemaker Synchronous pacemaker ASYNCHRONOUS PACEMAKER: This type of pacemaker is intended for patients having permanent heart blocks. The rate is preset. It can be varied externally within the range of 60 PPM to 180 PPM. Since this pacemaker functions regardless of the patients natural heart rhythm it poses a potential danger because of competition between the patients rhythm and that of the pacemaker. PACING PULSES FROM ASYNCHRONOUS PACEMAKER SYNCHRONOUS PACEMAKER: In patients who have normal heart function most of the time, asynchronous pacing can be extremely dangerous, working against their own physiological pacemaker with the danger of stimulating in the vulnerable period of the T wave, a condition that can result in fibrillation. The demand pacemaker consists of an ECG amplifier and a conventional pacemaker output pulse circuit that has been modified to allow output from the ECG amplifier to inhibit the pulse generator. This pacemaker senses R-waves and its timing and logic circuits count out an elapsed time interval following an R-wave or previously induced pulse. If the intrinsic R-wave does not appear before the elapsed time interval, the ventricle is stimulated. If an R-wave is received, the counter is reset again. This type of pacemaker is used for patients with bradycardia, and it ensures a heartbeat no slower than its set rate. PACING PULSES FROM SYNCHRONOUS PACEMAKER INTERNAL PACEMAKER: Internal pacemaker are implanted within the pulse generator placed in a surgically formed pocket below the right or left clavicle, in the left subcostal area, or in women, beneath the left or right major pectoralis muscle. Internal leads connect to electrodes that directly contact the inside of the right ventricle or the surface of the myocardium. The exact location of the pulse generator depends primarily on the type of the electrode used, he nature of the cardiac dysfunction, and the method (mode) of pacing that may be prescribed .Since there are no external connections for applying power, the pulse generator must be completely self contained, with a power source capable of continuously operating the unit for a period of years. BIO POTENTIAL ELECTRODES: A wide variety of electrodes can be used to measure bio electric events but nearly all can be classified as belonging to one of three basic types; Micro electrodes Skin surface electrodes Needle electrodes All three types of bio potential electrodes have the metal-electrolyte interface. In each case, an electrode potential is developed across the interface, proportional to the exchange of ions to the metal and the electrolytes of the body. MICROELECTRODES: They are used to measure bio electric potentials near or within a single cell.Microelectrodes are electrodes with tips sufficiently small to penetrate a single cell in order to obtain readings from within the cell. The tip must be small enough to permit penetration without damaging the cell. This action is usually complicated by the difficulty of accurately positioning an electrode with respect to a cell. Because of their small surface area, they have impedances well up into the megohms. For this reason, amplifiers with extremely high impedances are required to avoid loading the circuit and to minimize the effects of small changes in interface impedance. SKIN SURFACE ELECTRODES: Skin surface electrodes are used to obtain bio electric potentials from the surface of the body. They are available in various size. Although any type of surface electrode can be used to sense ECG, EMG, EEG potentials, the larger electrodes are usually associated with ECG, since localization of the measurement is not important. Smaller electrodes are used in EEG and EMG measurements. Various types of disposable electrodes have been introduced in recent years to eliminate the requirement for cleaning and care after each use. In general, disposable electrodes are of the floating type with simple snap connectors by which the leads, which are reusable, are attached. Although, some disposable electrodes can be reused several times, their cost is usually low enough that cleaning for reuse is not warranted. They come pre gelled, ready for immediate use. NEEDLE ELECTRODES: To reduce interface impedance and, consequently, movement artifacts, some electroencephalographers use small subdermal needles to penetrate the scalp for EEG measurements. They are also used to measure EMG potentials from a specific group of muscles. They are less susceptible to movement artifacts when compared with surface electrodes as they create an interface beneath the surface of the skin. By making direct contact with the subdermal tissue or the intercellular fluids, these electrodes also seem to have lower impedances than surface electrodes of comparable interface area. Even though needle electrodes have less motion artifacts ,surface electrodes are used to acquire ECG because surface electrodes are more convenient for the patient .Most of the surface electrodes are cheap and reusable. ACQUISITION OF ECG USING 3 LEAD SYSTEM LEAD I CONFIGURATION: ECG sensors measure the time-varying magnitude of electric fields emanating from the heart. ECG values are measured by placing non-invasive electrodes at the surface of the patients skin. For a 3-lead ECG sensor, the electrodes need to be placed in a triangle (Einthoven Triangle) on the patients chest as shown in the figure 11. Each corner of the triangle corresponds to one of the limbs: right hand, left hand, left foot. With the bipolar system, one limb is connected to the positive terminal of the amplifier and another limb to its negative terminal. Three limbs (right arm-RA, left arm-LA and left leg/foot-LL) are used. The right leg was used as earth, to minimize interference. ECG AMPLIFIER: Bioelectric signals have very high input impedance. To stop the signal attenuation, we use Instrumentation Amplifier (AD 624) which also has high input impedance. It should have high gain and low output impedance .In order to remove the common mode signals ,it should have a high Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR of about 90 dB).The potential at the surface of the body ranges from 0 10 mV so the amplifier should have high gain (1000). We use a differential amplifier to amplify the bioelectric signals that occur as a potential difference between two electrodes, the bioelectric signals are applied between the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the amplifier. The signal is therefore amplified by the differential gain of the amplifier. For the interference signal, however, both inputs appear as though they were connected together to a common input source. Thus, the common mode interference signal is amplified only by the much smaller common mode gain. The electrode impedances form a v oltage divider with the input impedance of the differential amplifier. If the electrode impedances are not identical, the interference signals at the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the differential amplifier may be different, and the desired degree of cancellation does not take place. Because, the electrode impedances can never be made exactly equal, the high common mode rejection ratio of a differential amplifier can only be realized if the amplifier has an input impedance much higher than the impedance of the electrodes to which it is connected. There are different lead configurations such as 3-Lead, 5-Lead, 12-Lead for acquiring ECG Signal. We have used 3-Lead system Lead I Configuration. 12-CIRCUIT FOR ECG AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER OUTPUT SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION USING LABVIEW: LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a platform and development environment for Visual Programming Language from National Instruments. LabVIEW is a graphical programming environment used by millions of engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated measurement, test, and control systems using intuitive graphical icons and wires that resemble a flowchart. LabVIEW offers unrivaled integration with thousands of hardware devices and provides hundreds of built-in libraries for advanced analysis and data visualization. The LabVIEW platform is scalable across multiple targets and operating systems. LABVIEW is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) which can be used for processing of signals, images and other forms of data. One of the most powerful features LabVIEW offers engineers and scientists is its graphical programming environment. With LabVIEW, one can design custom virtual instruments by creating a graphical user interface on the computer screen through which one can: Operate the instrumentation program Control selected hardware Analyze acquired data Display results One can customize front panels with knobs, buttons, dials, and graphs to emulate control panels of traditional instruments, create custom test panels, or visually represent the control and operation of processes. The similarity between standard flow charts and graphical programs shortens the learning curve associated with traditional, text-based languages. The behavior of the virtual instruments can be determined by connecting icons together to create block diagrams, which are natural design notations for scientists and engineers. With graphical programming, one can develop systems more rapidly than with conventional programming languages, while retaining the power and flexibility needed to create a variety of applications. We have used Lab view to acquire the signal, filtering and do other processing of the ECG signal. The real time signal is given into as input to ELVIS I which acts as the DAQ (data acquisition system).The block diagram of the Lab view implementation is as shown in figure 14. STEPS INVOLVED IN LABVIEW IMPLEMENTATION: The ECG signal from the amplifier (using AD 624) is given as input to DAQ for acquiring the signal in Lab view software. FFT of the ECG signal is obtained and viewed. We can see the frequency content of the ECG signal from the FFT obtained. WE can also see the presence of 50 Hz power line interference in the FFT of raw ECG. A Smoothing filter with following specifications Moving average, Rectangular filter with a half width of 20 is constructed. The Smoothened ECG is viewed. Smoothing Filter is used to remove noise and 50 Hz power line interference. The Smoothened signal is given as input to the Butterworth Band Pass Filter of order 2 and a low cutoff frequency of 5Hz and high cut off frequency of 15Hz.Band Pass Filter is used to separate the QRS complex from the ECG Signal. The output of the Band Pass Filter is differentiated and squared inorder to enhance the QRS complex from the remaining portion of the waveform. The heart rate is calculated using timing and tone measurement block. The block gives the frequency of repetition of the QRS complex. The frequency value is converted into time value by taking inverse of it. Heart rate is calculated as follows. Heart Rate = 60/R-R Interval Example: R-R Interval = 760ms Heart Rate = 60/760ms = 78.94 Beats /Minute If the calculated heart rate is below the normal value, then pacing pulses are produced .This is done by using a case structure. The case structure turns on only when the case is true (Heart Rate is below normal value).Inside the case structure we have a square wave generator. The output of the square wave generator is differentiated and squared. We get a pulse as a result of these operations. The rate and amplitude at which the pulses are produced can be modified easily at run time using controls. Whenever the heart rate is normal, False condition is selected . For false condition, we set the amplitude and frequency of the square wave as zero so that the pacemaker is switched off. The Pacing Pulses generated can also be taken out as an analog voltage from the ELVIS and can be viewed in a DSO. Only voltages in the range +10 volts to -10 volts can be taken out from LABVIEW through ELVIS. PACEMAKER FINAL BLOCK DIAGARM. FRONT PANEL IN LABVIEW ENTIRE SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATTION We have implemented the case structure and other blocks by studying the general tutorials given in LV BASICS 1 MANUAL and LABVIEWBASICSII_85_ENG CLAD. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION: BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATTION BAND PASS FILTER: The amplifier which is used in software implementation (AD 624) is also used here. It is followed by a filter. The amplifier output is around 550 mV. A Filter is a circuit that is defined to pass a specified band of frequencies while attenuating all signals outside this band. Filter networks may be either active or passive. Passive filter networks contain only resistors, inductors and capacitors. Active filters employ transistors or op amps plus resistors, inductors and capacitors. Inductors are often used in active filters, because they are bulky and costly and may have large internal resistive components. Band Pass Filters pass only a band of frequencies while attenuating all frequencies outside the band. A simple high pass filter followed by a low pass filter will form a band pass filter. We have used a band pass filter (0.5Hz 40 Hz) to remove high frequency signals like EMG and low frequency components like Base Line Wandering and motion artifacts. We have used a second order Bu tterworth Filter with -40 db/decade roll-off. For Low Pass Filter, we used 0.5 Hz as the cut off frequency.C1 is chosen as a convenient value between 100 pF and 0.1Â µF.For High Pass Filter, we used 40 Hz as the cut off frequency. We have implemented a Band Pass Filter according to the design given in OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATIONAL CIRCUITS. CIRCUIT AND DESIGN FOR BAND PASS FILTER NOTCH FILTER: A Notch Filter transmits frequencies in the pass band and rejects undesired frequencies in the stop band. In applications where low level signals must be amplified, there may be present one or more of an assortment of unwanted noise signals. Examples are 50, 60 0r 400 Hz frequencies from power lines, 120 Hz ripple from full wave rectifiers, or even higher frequencies from regulated switching type power supplies or clock oscillators. If both signals and signal frequency noise component are passed through a notch filter, only the desired signals will exit from the filter. The noise frequency is notched out. We have designed a active notch filter (using LM 324) to remove 50 Hz Power Line Interference. The amplitude of the acquired ECG signal is around 1 2 V. We got noise free ECG for real time signal acquisition as shown below. CIRCUITAND DESIGN FOR NOTCH FILTER REAL TIME ECG ACQUISITION QRS DETECTOR: In order to extract the QRS Complex from the ECG signal obtained, we use a band pass filter with center frequency of 17 Hz and band width of 6 Hz. The QRS signal obtained from the band pass filter is rectified for comparing with the threshold voltage generated by the detection circuit. The filtered and rectified ECG is stored on a capacitor. This filtered and rectified ECG is compared with the fraction of this voltage. Whenever a threshold voltage is exceeded, the QRS pulse is detected. After the detection of every QRS pulse, the capacitor recharges to a new threshold value after every pulse. CIRCUIT FOR QRS DETECTION MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR: Monostable Multivibrator generates a single output pulse in response to an input signal. It is also known as One Shot Multivibrator. The time period of the output pulse depends only on the external components (resistors and capacitors) connected to the op-amp. The duration of the input triggering pulse can be longer or shorter than the expected pulse. The duration of the output pulse is represented by the T. Since T can be changed only by changing the resistors and capacitors ,the one shot multivibrators can be considered as a pulse stretcher. This is because the width of the pulse can be longer than the input pulse. In a stable or standby state, the output of the multivibrator is zero or low-level logic. The output of the multivibrator is forced to go high (ËÅ"Vcc) when an external trigger is given. The output stays zero until the next triggering pulse is given. Then the cycle repeats. The monostable multivibrator has only one stable state. Hence, the name monostable. The QRS detector gives a pulse for QRS detected which is given as an input trigger for a monostable multivibrator. This monostable multivibrator is used to produce a positive pulse (amplitude 5V) of desired pulse width for every input triggering (negative edge triggering) from the QRS detector. We had used 555 Timer as a monostable multivibrator. MULTIVIBRATOR OUTPUT Thus, the analog section of the project gets over with multivibrator. The output of the multivibrator is processed using PIC18F 4550 Microcontroller. It marks the beginning of the controller section. MICROCONTROLLER: PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General Instruments Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to Programmable Interface Controller, but shortly thereafter was renamed Programmable Intelligent Computer. PICs are popular with developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. Like all Microchip PIC18 devices, PIC18F4550 family are available as both standard and low-voltage devices. Standard devices with Enhanced Flash memory, designated with an F in the part number (such as PIC18F4550),accommodate an operating VDD range of 4.2V to 5.5V.Low-voltage parts, designated by LF (such as PIC18LF4550), function over an extended VDD range of 2.0V to 5.5V. Our project uses a standard PIC 18F4550.Hence this microcontroller uses a flash program memory of 24K bytes .It is a 8-bit microcontroller and so they handle data as 8-bit chunks. PICs have a set of registers that function as general purpose ram. Special purpose control registers for on-chip hardware resources are also mapped into the data space. The addressability of memory varies depending on device series and in PIC 18F4550 external code memory is directly addressable which is an exceptional feature compared to baseline and mid line core devices. PICs have a hardware call stack, which is used to save return addresses. The hardware stack is not software accessible on earlier devices, but this changed with the 18F4550 device. Hardware support for a general purpose parameter stack was lacking in early series, but this greatly improved in the 18F4550, making the this device architecture more friendly to high level language compilers. Core features All of the devices in thePIC18F 455 series family incorporate a range of features that can significantly reduce power consumption during operation. Key items include: Alternate Run Modes: By clocking the controller from the Timer1 source or the internal oscillator block, power consumption during code execution can be reduced by as much as 90%. Multiple Idle Modes: The controller can also run with its CPU core disabled but the peripherals still active. In these states, power consumption can be reduced even further, to as little as 4% of normal operation requirements. On-the-Fly Mode Switching: The power managed modes are invoked by user code during o