Academic Honesty Essay

We can identify some forms of academic dishonesty as, copied exams, this implies to turn and see another student’s test, receiving or giving verbal and / or nonverbal, change the tests, hiding notes, or modification of quizzes. It can also occur in tasks, jobs and projects. It is possible to pass the task among students, falsify data, lack of contribution to a team, and hire someone to make their work. Other types can be present even with bribes or threats against the teacher. Through the plagiarism, the student gives the impression that you cannot learn or that do not want to learn. Also, you may not have a good relationship between student and teacher. â€Å"The love of learning is the most effective strategy to combat academic dishonesty. † Below are some reasons for plagiarism: – Reduced interest in learning – Plagiarism is easy to do – Many students are more interested in the grade than in the learning process – They are busy working or doing other things – Non appreciation of the knowledge Why is Academic Dishonesty Happening? Society has communicated the concept that students need to acquire a degree for future employment, financial security, and personal reasons (Choi, 2009; Cohen ; Brawer, 2003; McCabe, Butterfield, ; Trevino, 2006). And students often believe they will receive higher salaries from future employers if they have exceptional grades throughout their college careers (Norton, Tilley, Newstead, ; Franklyn-Stokes, 2001). This is a reality that plenty of students are living. Plenty of them are lucky enough like me, to get the job they’ve always wanted before they earn a degree. â€Å"Indeed, plagiarism and cheating are reflections of the need to get good grades at all cost; and, they continue to be serious problems in academia† (Danielsen, Simon, ; Pavlick, 2006; Fontana, 2009; Lipka, 2009; McCabe, 2009; McCabe et al. , 2006; Rosamond, 2002; Wilkerson, 2009). This is causing that some –early professionals- just try their best to rush their way into a degree without paying any attention to their assignments. In the beginning it was like that for me because honestly, I felt I was not learning anything. My reality was that I learned â€Å"everything† in the field. But soon enough I realized that college is not necessarily the place to learn specific topics, is the place where you were how to manage your knowledge and put it in the best use. At the end of the day academic dishonesty is a behavior that makes students gain an unfair advantage and it need to be avoid. â€Å"The risk of plagiarism in academic settings can be reduced by not setting the same essay every year. Burnard (2002) reflected on the possibility of plagiarism extending beyond coursework essays to dissertations. He felt that written examinations may reduce the problem (Burnard 2002). Doing our job correctly will guaranty that we learn in the process and also that we will get the grade we worked for. In my case, I am writing this paper because due to wrong quotation, it was understood that used someone else information as mine. In order to avoid this in the future, students have to make sure to follow the guidelines when it comes to proper citation. It very important to have credit to whom deserves it, and that’s why double checking and practicing the properly citation its key in order to have a clean paper. Now, we have to be clear that any material that is consider as common knowledge does not have to be cited. Also, field-specific common knowledge does not need citation unless it contains facts from a specific source. As I mentioned, my case was because of wrong citing, but at the end of the day the consequences are the same as of a student stealing information an using it for an assignment. Professors take this very seriously because it is not fair to the students who spend hours working. â€Å"‘This is superior work,’ wrote a professor on a student’s paper. ‘ It was excellent when Saint Thomas Aquinas wrote it, just as it is today. Saint Thomas gets an A. You get an F†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (Alschuler and Blimling 1995, p. 123). We must understand that dishonesty in the classroom is a serious issue, it is not just a cheating situation, it is considered for some professionals as a crime that deserves a penalty. Plagiarism can be done very easily, and it can even happen when proper citation has been done. Another way to avoid plagiarism, could be by paraphrasing and adding the name of the author; for example: â€Å"According to Carlos Santana, guitars became famous in†¦ † it is a way of giving credit and making your sentences flow in a better way. I will conclude this paper by saying that we all know what plagiarism is, by this I mean that every single student know what is good and bad and academic dishonest will end when we start being honest with ourselves, our instructors and why not, also our classmates. It is true that at time it can be difficult to complete certain assignments, but there is nothing that can’t be fixed with communication. Sending an email to out instructor or asking for help will make the learning experience better and will guide us away from plagiarizing a document. Reference: – Choi, Cohen, and Brawer. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 3rd ed. Vol. 3. N. p. : n. p. , 2012. Print – Burnard P. All your own work? Essays and the internet. Nurse Education Today. 22, 3, 187-188. (2002) – Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. Springfield, Mass. Merriam-Webster, Inc. ; 2003:946.

The problems and fall of the Tsarist Regime in Russia c 1900-1917

Some of the main causes took a long to develop into revolution, as peasants, industrial workers and the general public were very patient and downtrodden. The views of these groups all interlocked with each other. These include long and short term causes including the spark which signals when people had had enough. Conditions for the poor had worsened since 1891 when famine swept through the southern region of Russia and forced millions of peasants to leave their families and village communities to search for work in towns. Most of the industrial workers who worked in the factories were peasants and women. Women filled the textile factories in St Petersburg and Moscow, which was the poorest paying industry in Russia. The industrial workers were angry at the poor living and working conditions. Living space was at a premium so workers had to occupy accommodation provided by the employers. There were ten to a room and a single sheet separated bedrooms. There was no privacy and famine easily spread. Also there were no regulations on safety or hours of work, so some people died or were badly injured and had to work 12-15 hours per day. In addition they received extremely poor wages. The peasants had to pay very high taxes on grain and also on items such as alcohol and salt. The peasant farmers not working in the factories suffered two very poor harvests and it came to a point when they could barely survive. This proved too much for the peasants and they had enough. Russia's population in 1900 was about 120 million; at least eighty percent were peasants, so they formed a big unhappy majority. Some peasants wanted land to be divided out fairly and taken off the middle class. The Social Revolutionary party also agreed with the peasants and wanted them to start a Revolution. The middle class shared the view that there needed to be a change but unlike the other groups in Russia they didn't feel the need to start a revolution. The middle class who came from well-educated backgrounds wanted the Tsar to share his power, so the Russian people could benefit from the freedom and rights that people in Britain enjoy. Due to working and living conditions worsening and wages remaining low, there was less call for trade and jobs and so many were left without income. This included widespread famine and hunger, which had dramatically increased. Agriculture was going downhill and Russia wanted to change its fortunes to develop it's industry and remain an important military power. As Russia felt the need to improve her industry she had to borrow money from other countries, though the main source of money came from the people of Russia. Wages were kept low so money could be spent on industry' and after a few years people would be better off. Industry grew rapidly at first due to the success in iron, steel and the railways. In 1902 depression hit Russia and there was an industrial slump and thousands of people lost their jobs. Demonstrations and strikes were a regular occurrence and many peasants were starving. There were many violent acts and landlord's houses were even burned down. To make matters worse there was a war with Japan. The Tsar Nicolas the 2nd thought it would be a good idea to have a war because after a victory people would stop criticizing the government. But Japan ended as easy winners and made conditions worse in Russia. Prices rose and the war caused shortage of food. The Tsar was humiliated as Japan defeated Russia with ease even though Russia was such a big country in comparison to the small size of Japan. This brought more protests about the ineffectiveness of the Tsar and his government. There were very many causes but the spark of the revolution was â€Å"Bloody Sunday†. Conditions in St Petersburg were appalling and tension was at an all time high. As trade unions were banned and strikes illegal the Russian public decided to turn to a march. There were a crowd of 200,000 protesters and they marched to the Winter Palace to give a petition to the Tsar. The Tsar was not there and the Cossacks charged and the soldiers opened fire. It was a big day as the Russian public had lost respect for the Tsar. All theses causes contributed towards the Revolution. However, none is important enough to cause a revolution by itself. When these causes were combined together it only took one small short term event to provoke the people of Russia to revolt.

Assess the Role of Faith in Supporting Religious Belief Essay Example for Free

Assess the Role of Faith in Supporting Religious Belief Essay In 1877, William Kingdon Clifford propositioned in his book â€Å"Ethics and Belief† that belief in something without sufficient evidence is irrational. Whilst he accepted that in many beliefs there is often an epistemic gap between the evidence and the conclusion (inductive reasoning) he did also claim that â€Å"It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence.† Furthermore he claimed that that tolerating credulity (a tendency to believe readily) and superstition will damage ultimately society. He concurred with David Hume (1711-76) when he said â€Å"All wise men proportion their belief to the evidence. † This stance – that belief without sufficient evidence is irrational – is called evidentialism, and is adopted by many atheists (including Clifford and Hume) in their view of theology. However, natural theology instead attempts to meet evidentialism on its own terms by trying to show that belief in God is actually rational. It draws collectively upon all of the a posteriori arguments for God’s existence including the teleological, cosmological, moral and experiential arguments. However, it is rare that an atheist will be convinced by the evidence of these arguments anywhere beyond the point of agnosticism. It is generally accepted that belief in God requires some element of seemingly irrational faith. Indeed, the stance of fideism states that reason plays no part in belief. â€Å"Whoever attempts to demonstrate the existence of God†¦is an excellent subject for a comedy of higher lunacy.† – Soren Kierkegaard. Moderate fideists suggest that reason can actually be destructive to one’s faith. They claim that reason leads to arrogance by encouraging the idea that human reason alone will suffice and that God unnecessary for moral or spiritual direction. Whilst moderate theists view reason as a barrier to true faith however, (thus disregarding natural theology as irrelevant) extreme theists go so far as to agree with Tertullian when he said (AD 155-222) â€Å"Credo quia absurdum est.† or â€Å"I believe because it is absurd.† Aquinas (1225-74) claimed that there were two ways in which to know God. The first is through natural theology, including his five a posteriori proofs constructed by human reason. The second is through â€Å"revealed theology† which cannot be found by human reason alone, but must involve divine intervention or revelation. The acceptance of these revealed truths requires faith, and this is fundamental to the Christian religion. For example, only faith can reveal the truth behind the statement â€Å"God is the father, the son and the Holy Ghost† or that â€Å"the bread of communion is the body of Christ†. Thus revelation provides us with a body of truths, which must be taken on faith alone. Aquinas claims that faith is a combination of reason and opinion. It involves reason since it is propositional i.e. claims certain beliefs to be true and therefore similar to scientific knowledge. On the other hand these truths cannot be proved, and so involve an epistemic gap. It is this epistemic gap that makes faith a matter of opinion and so allows humanity free will over their belief. The stance that it is our choice whether or not to take a leap of faith was also held by Soren Kierkegaard (1812-1855). Alvin Plantinga (1932-) proposed that the classical foundationalism upon which evidentialism is based is flawed. Foundationalist beliefs are described by Plantinga as â€Å"the starting points for thought† and he summarises their definition as: â€Å"I am entitled to believe X without any evidence if and only if it is self-evident, incorrigible or certain to me in some way†. He argues that this is flawed, since this statement is itself neither self-evident, incorrigible nor is it certain in some way. It appears therefore that foundationalism defines itself as irrational. He also states that there are many beliefs that can be held rationally, but that do not fall under the foundationalist criteria or that can be justified contingently. For example, the trust we have in our memory, or the belief that other people have minds of their own. Plantinga argues that we must ultimately reject classical foundationalism on the grounds that it is incoherent, and also because it rejects many beliefs that common sense tells us to be properly basic. He propositions that his reformed epistemology should take the place of classical foundationalism, and because of this: â€Å"It is entirely right, rational, reasonable and proper to believe in God without any evidence at all.† A theist might claim that it just appears obvious to them that God exists, and for Plantinga this is good enough. However, surely this would mean that anything we like can be a properly basic belief? Could a child’s belief in Santa Clause not be defined as properly basic? Plantinga would respond by saying that it is the beliefs directly connected to God’s existence that are properly basic, rather than the belief in God’s existence itself. For example, the guilt felt after committing a bad deed or the sense that something must have cre ated and designed the universe. Blaisà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Pascal (1623-1662) deemed that it was reasonable to have faith in God by a sheer act of will, so certain was he that he put forward a wager: â€Å"Let us weigh the gain and loss in wagering that God is (exists)†¦If you gain, you gain all, if you lose, you lose nothing.† By this, he meant that the theist stands the chance of gaining entrance to heaven at the risk of nothing, whilst the atheist however risks damnation to hell. However, surely this basis of self-gain is at odds with the teachings of the Christian church? W.K.Clifford suggested that God would deny heaven to those who followed Pascal’s wager on the basis that faith should be founded upon trust and morality, not self gain. Pascal might have responded that true belief would arise from the habit of religion i.e. baptism, mass, prayer etc. However, this is contradicted somewhat by his opinion that one’s relationship with God should be somewhat deeper. â€Å"It is the heart which pe rceives God and not reason.† Furthermore, Pascal’s definition of faith appears to ignore the recognition of God’s immanence and His affect on our everyday lives. William James (1842-1910) found Pascal’s proposition that we can change our beliefs by an act of will entirely ridiculous. He claimed solidly that our beliefs are contingent i.e. each new belief is connected to the previous one. He does agree however that it is rational to sustain a belief even without sufficient evidence given certain circumstances. The first circumstance is where the evidence is indeterminate between two beliefs i.e. favours neither option. The second circumstance is if we are faced with a genuine option i.e. one that is living, forced and momentous. By living James means one that is a reality, as opposed to a dead option, that whilst theoretically possible, isn’t actually going to happen e.g. a devout Catholic supporting the gay pride movement. A forced option is one that cannot be avoided, e.g. choosing whether to go to school or to have a lie in when your alarm goes off at 7:30. A momentous option is one that is unique and irreversible e.g. joining the army – as opposed to a trivial option which is reversible and one that happens regularly throughout life. James states that it is therefore sometimes rational to believe in God without sufficient evidence if the choice is a genuine option. He disputes Pascal’s wager as necessarily being a genuine option as it is not necessarily forced (one could deny the possibility of going to hell) nor is it necessarily living (one might be a devout follower of a different religion). However, he does accept that for a person who perceives the evidence as indeterminate and is already open to belief in God, Pascal’s wager might succeed in tipping the scales and getting them to make that leap of faith. James does believe however that faith can in some instances be a genuine option, and a decision that involves seizing the opportunity and taking a risk. He states that when faced with a genuine option and without sufficient evidence, making a decision will then reveal the evidence to us. For example, one cannot be sure of a stranger’s kindness until they have decided to trust the stranger and give them a chance. Similarly, by making a leap of faith in God, the definitive truth will be later revealed by eschatological verification. However, natural theologians such as Aquinas would certainly dispute James’ claim that the evidence is indeterminate, for the cosmological, teleological, moral and experiential arguments – whilst inconclusive – can be extremely persuasive. Furthermore, like Pascal, he seems to ignore faith as an acceptation of God’s immanence and active presence in our lives. The version of faith held by Aquinas, Plantinga, Pascal and James is propositional in that they all claim that faith about believes in God’s objective existence. However, faith can also be seen existentially as an attitude incorporating God subjectively into the believer’s life. For instance, when I say â€Å"I believe that murder is wrong† or â€Å"I believe in free speech† I am not stating anything about existence, but rather about my commitment towards certain values. H.H.Price (1899-1985) claimed that the statement â€Å"I believe in God† is similar to this in that it is a way of perceiving the world using certain values. â€Å"to see oneself as a created, dependent creature, receiving life and well being from a higher source†¦the only appropriate attitude is one of grateful worship and obedience.† – John Hick. To conclude; each of the arguments examined above vary in their relationship with reason, but what they all have in common is that faith is central to the believer and must work independently of reason to some degree. Some of the arguments incorporate reason, some reject it entirely, but the transcendent nature of God can never be proved, can never be indubitable, for faith is an integral part of religion. Perhaps then natural theology is not trying to prove God’s existence to the point where faith is cast out and certainty resides in its place, but rather it is merely trying to explore God’s nature. â€Å"I do not seek to understand so that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand† – St. Anselm (1033-1109) Proslogian 1. Natural theology could therefore be seen as an expression of faith, rather than a foundation for it. The majority of theists argue that faith is necessary, for if God proved himself to us, we would no longer have free will over our belief and so would be robots without dignity. On the other hand, surely God in His omnipotence could find some way of maintaining our freedom whilst simultaneously providing us certainty of his love? Why not give certainty to the millions of His helpless and suffering children who have lost faith; for where is their dignity? Assess the Role of Faith in Supporting Religious Belief. (2017, Sep 13).

Conrad Black trial Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conrad Black trial - Assignment Example ted that was initiated by his company’s shareholders and was later sentenced for a period of over six years for conducting fraudulent and justice obstruction. Jack Boultbee held the position of CFO (Chief Financial Officer) with the newspaper publish company named Hollinger and was trustworthy companion of Conrad Black and remained with him for over a period of 20 years. He even owned 0.68% of the shares of the Hollinger organization and was one of the convicted members of the Conrad Black trial which was started by the shareholders of the company. He was asked to leave the company but he never accepted to leave his position and later he was fired during the period of 2003. In the Conrad Trial, his lawyers never accepted the charges that were levied against him. Peter Atkinson is recognized for being a general counsel with the newspaper publishing company named Hollinger and had the responsibility of keeping a check on the legal affairs of the organization. He was born and brought up in a small town in the region of North Toronto and started his career as a worker with a factory along with a grocery store and later he financed himself to complete his law education. He became a part of the Hollinger organization during 1996 after providing legal services at a Canada based law organization for over a period of twenty years. In the Conrad trial he was held responsible for assisting his bosses of Hollinger in committing fraud. Mark Kipnis is recognized for being an in-house lawyer of the Hollinger firm and had the responsibility of signing documents that were detailed in nature and he even signed several of the deals that ended up being controversial and litigated. He was not held responsible for sharing the profits that the organization earned through their illegal activity but was held responsible for accepting a bonus of $150,000 to keep his mouth shut for the illegal activities (CBC News 1). He is a married man and has four children to his name. His lawyers

World Trade Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Trade Organisations - Essay Example The WTO aims mainly at providing assistance for the producers of goods and services, exporters and also importers for basically conducting their businesses effectively (WTO, 2010). Applying to the WTO for a trade dispute is based in a series of steps. These include, firstly, becoming a member of the WTO, following which the first stage includes the consultation which lasts for almost 60 days. Here the aim is to identify if the parties are able to find a solution between themselves and all the implementation of the rulings and recommendations are constantly monitored by the WTO (UNDERSTANDING THE WTO, 2010). Post this stage of the application, the panel is introduced to the parties and the Dispute Settlement Body. Here this groups work toward providing the final ruling or recommendations to the two countries. The types of cases and disputes that are introduced in the WTO for solutions are very varied and come from various backgrounds. Of these one of the most famous cases of a trade dispute was that of the Caribbean bananas which was initiated in September 1997 and went on to become a world famous case. The case was initiated by the US government on behalf of a US based brand - Chiquita Brands against the Europes Lomà © Convention which gave preference to the small banana producers and provided a chance for exports to across the world (Costantini, 2001). Here in this case the ruling of the WTO was to ensure that no discrimination is made based on the where or how the food was produced and also no discrimination based on how the food was created. The ruling led to an impact on the European Unions and the trade agreements with the African Caribbean and Pacific countries (Costantini, 2001). As explained by the WTO in the list of its cases, the outcome for the case was as follows, â€Å"The U.S. and E.U. reached an agreement to begin to dismantle the barriers to

Consumer behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Consumer behavior - Assignment Example Using the system has got many advantages over conducting a market research. First, it can collect data from a vast sample of shoppers thus increasing the reliability of the information as compared to the market research which only uses a small sample to represent the entire population. It is also cheap since getting this amount of information through market research can prove to be very expensive, especially when one needs to establish baseline data. Using the system also eliminates bias encountered during collection and entry of data. However, an actual market research is more applicable when looking for information before introducing a new product into the market since it can be based on the emotions and realities of the consumers’ lives and hence have greater chance of success (Pan, ПÐ °Ã ½ & ПÐ °Ã ½, 2008). Marketing strategies can also be evaluated before implementation. This is important as it helps a firm to increase the possibilities of success of the strategy (James, 2013) thus avoiding huge losses that may be incurred through failure of a marketing strategy. A successful marketing strategy is one which is measurable, clearly articulated, achievable and actionable (James,

Leadership in Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership in Film - Essay Example Coach Norman Dale became Gene Hackmans comeback role, and Dennis Hopper earned an Oscar nomination for his performance as Wilbur "Shooter" Flatch. "Hoosiers is told from a nostalgic distance, and those allergic to corniness might best be advised to stay home," wrote a reviewer for The Washington Post. "But what do you expect in a movie about Indiana Corn is what they make there. And the movies enormous craftsmanship accumulates till you're actually seduced into believing all its Pepperidge Farm buncombe." Clearly, one man's corn can be another's inspiration. At sporting arenas around the country, it's not unusual for Jumbottons to play clips of Coach Dale firing up his Hickory Huskers with a pregame speech. New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner has been known to compare his management decisions to those of Hickory High's principal, Cletus. Last year, Ron Hunter, coach of the IUPUI Jaguars, made his team watch Hoosiers before taking on number-one seed Kentucky in the NCAA men's basketball tournament. But not everyone loves Hoosiers.

Ethical Reasoning Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Reasoning Final - Essay Example In conclusion, this author asserts that homosexual sex is not morally evil but is morally good. Corvino submission has, however, not gone unparalleled by opponents who feel that homosexuality is immoral. Obasola, Kehinde E., a professor in the Department of Religious Studies Olabisi Onabanjo University addresses this debate in his article titled â€Å"Ethical Perspective Of Homosexuality Among The African People.† His main argument against this practice is the abnormality that accompanies the act. For instance, human sexual bodies are developed for reproduction. Therefore, homosexuality is an acquired trait rather than innate. It is a distortion to the biological and psychological components of the body. This among several other reasons makes it to be morally unacceptable. In my forthcoming essay on this debate, I hold the opinion that opposes Corvino’s argument in favor of homosexuality. His arguing on the basis definition of unnatural does not hold water in so far as morality is concerned. Homosexuality is unnatural, and defies the sanctity of marriage, a natural institution designed for reproduction. It is therefore immoral. Corvino asserts that attributing homosexuality as unnatural stems from five basic interpretations of what is unnatural. In the very beginning, he objects the very idea of what is natural and its acceptance or likeableness in society. For instance, many lifestyle choices (housing, government, medicine, and even clothing) that are cherished by people at large are unnatural. On the other hand, some â€Å"natural† things are completely detested by society, such as, death, disease, and suffering. Subtly regarding â€Å"unnaturalness† as â€Å"rhetorical flourish,† Corvino challenges the very foundation of opposition (309). Corvino elaborates five different possible meanings of unnaturalness by

Geography of Region Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Geography of Region - Term Paper Example Many small islands surround the Phuket Island which increases the land area of the island to a further seventy kilometers. Phuket is alienated from mainland Thailand in the northern most part by Chong Pak Phra Chanel; there is a land bridge is situated which is a source of connection between the mainland Thailand and Phuket Island. Strategically, Phuket Island deems great importance as its airfield and sea harbor is halfway between Singapore and Rangoon (Stripp, 1989). Due to its location, it is best suited for any future re-takeover of Malaya by the British. The location of Phuket Island, somewhat between Asia, Africa and Austrailia, makes it an ideal place for tourism, sea-food delicacies and water sports as well. On the Southern coast of Andaman Island, it is the quieter half of the seas. Due to its location, it is crowded almost all around the year. The warm waters of Andaman Sea are part of the Indian Ocean, which is located south of Burma, hence the name Burma Sea, is in the we stern side of Thailand. It is on the southeastern side of the Bay of Bengal and serves as a significant site for coral reefs and tourism. ( Murthy, 2007) Place The island is mostly covered by mountains and is surrounded by various mountain ranges. Approximately seventy percent of the island has mountains. A mountain range runs from north to south in the west of the island. Phuket mountain range is formed at the south of the island; this rande is approximately four hundred and forty kilometers (two hundred and seventy miles) from Kra Isthmus. The highest point of the island is known as Twelve Canes (Mai Thao Sip) which is about one thousand, seven hundred and thirty six feet (five hundred and twenty nine meters) well above sea level. The whole area of Phuket is very hilly in nature. Only a few of the peaks are above the height of five hundred meters; the highest peak is about five hundred and twenty nine meters of Mai Tao Sipsong. Most of the peaks are covered by lush green trees. Th e lowlands comprise of pineapple, coconut, rubber plantations, and paddies of rice. They cover almost sixty percent of the area of the island. It also has a major portion of rainforest (almost twenty kilometer square) which is now preserved as the Khao Phra Thaeo Park. The lowlands most highest pont is Khao Prathiu which is about three hundred and eighty four metres (about one thousand, two hundred and sixty feet); then the second one is Khao Bang Pae which is about three hundred and eighty eight meters (Around one thousand, two hundred and seventy three feet) and the lowest of three is four hundred and twenty two meters which is called Khao Phara and is about one thousand, three hundred and eighty five feet. Sirinat National Part on the north west shore covers an area of about ninety kilometer square (about thirty five square miles) and covers a total of sixty eight kilometers (forty two miles) of marine region; it also comprises of the area of Nai Yang coast where the sea turtles come to lay eggs. Most of the enchanting beaches are sited on the western coast of the island. They are separated by headlands and rocky coves. The East coast, however, is made up of limestone shoals with only some sandy beaches. It is muddy in nature. It is the remaining thirty percent of the island that is plains. These beaches are decorated by extravagant limestone that further beautifies the place. Coral reefs or coral gardens adorn the beaches as huge varieties of marine life

IPad's Security Breach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IPad's Security Breach - Essay Example Subsequent to this breach of AT&T’s security, a lot of security issues have since arisen for the firm and other computer security firms. In addition, many interested parties have questioned the justification of hacking activities as well as the role of ethical statements and policies of computer security firms, which promote activities such as website hacking. This paper explores the subjects of the possibility of the justification of hacking, computer security firms’ ethics that promote hacking, and the social responsibilities of media firms such as Gawkers Media LLC. Justification of Hacking into Websites Most hackers state that they hack into websites not as criminals but as interested parties seeking to identify flaws in computer systems or reveal certain information. By hacking, they claim, it becomes possible for computer security firms to prevent or rectify any damaging security leaks. However, due to the side effects of hacking and the damages it causes to compu ter firms’ images and business, questions have a risen on the issue of justification for hacking and activities. While others insist that hacking can never be justifiable, others believe it is a justifiable practice, depending on the reasons for which it is done (Harper’s Forum, 1999). ... peoples’ data worldwide, hackers believe they compel these companies to ensure that they have tamperproof systems that keep their clients’ data confidential. Therefore, hackers are watchdog for the public on the security weaknesses of technology firms. Hacking is thus justifiable since it addresses the vulnerabilities inherent in technology products that expose clients’ confidential information (Harper’s Forum, 1999). Hacking could also be justifiable if its exposes illegal political activities by discredited groups. In addition, hacking may be justified if it reveals certain publicly important information, which the public is denied by governments, organizations, or politicians. Importantly, hackers reveal malpractices and criminal activities that may be happening without the knowledge of the public and the law enforcement agencies. That is, when a hacker discovers the criminal operations of certain individuals or organizations and such reports are sent t o law enforcers, that hacking is certainly justified since it benefits the society and does not harm the public or any private person in any way (Harper’s Forum, 1999). Various factors have been found to promote hacking activities. Among these factors are the various ethical statements by computer security firms. Corporate Ethics Statement That Promote Hacking The ethical issue regarding the freedom to access information is perhaps the number one motivator of hackers to indulge in their activities. In fact, the ethic on which hackers justify their actions is that they investigate issues, allowing every individual in the society to gain information and knowledge on the various hidden issues affecting their lives (Ermann, 1997). Once a corporate computer firm issues ethical statements that emphasize the

Healthy Grief Essay Example for Free

Healthy Grief Essay Feeling and expressing grief is unique to each individual and it depends on the nature of their loss. People experience all kinds of emotions, pain and sadness that are considered normal reactions to a significant loss. While there is no right or wrong way to grieve, there are healthy ways to cope with the grief (helpguide.org). Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, a Psychiatrist invented the â€Å"five stages of grief†, based on the grieving process when negative life changes and loses happen, such as death of a loved one. The five stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross are responses that many people may go through, but there is not a typical response to loss as there is no typical loss and everyone grieves differently (helpguide.org). The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. The story of Job in the Bible is an example that displays all the stages of grief set forth by Kubler-Ross’s grief model. Job was a Christian man who followed the path of God’s will in His life. Kubler-Ross was not a Christian, and formulated the grief model from observing patients in a hospital who were dying from terminal illness. Job suffered great loss in his life and endured different stages in his grieving process but never denounced God. The five stages of grief compared and contrasted with the life of Job Denial The first response of grief according to Kubler-Ross is denial and isolation. This is a stage of shock and numbness and a time when a grieving person is trying to grasp the situation that something tragic has just happened in their life. Job is grieving at his tremendous loss., he lost his children, his wealth and health. It seemed unreal to Job that he tore his clothes, shaved his head and fell on the ground. Job 1: 21 reads â€Å"Naked I came from my mother’s womb, and naked shall I return there. The Lord gave, and the Lord has taken away; Blessed be the name of the Lord â€Å"(The Christian Life Bible). Job mourned and lamented at his loss but did not reject God. In contrast to the grief model where the patients knew they were going to die, Job even in his loss knew that he had life. Job maintained total submission to God’s plan in his life. The things of this world can become overwhelming and meaningless to those who are grieving a great loss but knowing God can help to overcome all difficulties of life. Anger Anger is the second stage of grief. According to Kubler-Ross when a patient can no longer maintain the denial stage, they enter into the stage of anger, rage and resentment and start questioning everyone and everything (Roy,A.). Job cursed the day he was born. Job3:16 illustrate his frustration and he felt that death would be easier to endure than his grief. Job is angry and felt betrayed by God. Job’s anger becomes obvious and can be seen in Job 7:11-15. According to Kubler- Ross, anger is a defense used against the primary feelings of hopelessness and helplessness (grief.com). Job is defending himself by showing his anger to ease his pain of loss. But even in his anger, Job maintains communication with God. The feeling of anger may be towards anyone, may be a person who didn’t attend the funeral, doctors, other family members, loved one who have passed (grief.com). It is natural to feel pain and deserted in this stage and finds it hard to accept the loss. Bargaining In this stage, feeling of guilt is common and trying to blame it on ourselves and questioning selves for things that could have been done different to prevent the loss. A grieving person may bargain or try to negotiate a compromise to ease their pain and try to do anything to not feel the pain of loss. For example, a Hindu friend of mine once wrote a letter to Billy Graham indicating to heal her dying mother from cancer and if the mother lives then she will convert to Christianity. That was a bargain and it did not work. Job is bargaining with God in chapter 13:20-21,† Only two things do not do to me, and then I will not hide myself from You. Withdraw your Hand far from me. And let not the dread of you make me afraid† (The Christian Life Bible). For Job, blaming God and everyone seemed natural due to the fear of taking responsibility for what has happened (faiththerapy.org). Job wants to put an end to his suffering, but instead he bowed down in humility and trusting more in God. Job did not listen to his wife’s plea to curse God and to die, but he remained in submission to God’s plan in his life. Depression According to Kubler-Ross, grief becomes deeper in this stage and feelings of emptiness and intense sadness and loss of hope invades life. When bargaining does not help, the reality of depression sets in. This is a noticeable stage as people are down and uncertain about their future. The loss of a loved one is heart breaking and a stage of depression is considered normal and appropriate in a healthy grieving process by Kubler-Ross (grief.com). It shows that the person has at least begun to accept the reality. Job 7:6 reads,† My days are swifter than a waver’s shuttle, and are spent without hope.† (The Christian Life Bible). Job is facing sadness about the situation that he is facing which is not under his control. Even though Job was depressed he never ran from God’s presence. Job 42:5-6 reads â€Å"I have heard of You by the hearing of the ear, But now my eye sees You. Therefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes (The Christian Life Bible). Acceptance During this stage according to Kubler-Ross, the person has accepted the reality of the loss of their loved ones and realizes that fighting is not going to make any difference. The loved one is no more physically present and that it is a permanent loss. Past is gone and a new future is set in front to run the race in the absence of the loved one. Job is also finally accepting the fact of his total loss and tries to resolve and come into a trusting relationship with God. In chapter 38 of Job, it displays the fact that Job finally heard from God again. This is an essential step in the grief process to restore relationships and to come in terms with life and meaning to move on with life. Through acceptance, God blessed Job again with more blessings than before and ultimately he regains his strength back. Job 42:10 reads† And the Lord restored Job’s loses when he prayed for his friends. Indeed the Lord gave Job twice as much as he had before.†(The Christian Life Bible). Conclusion From the grief model of Kubler-Ross and the story of Job from the Bible it is clear that grief is a natural process that everyone endures at some point of their life. From the theory of Kubler –Ross, the author points out that a person may or may not go through all the stages during a grieving process and the duration may not be the same and will depend on how one handles grief in their life. The component of faith is not central to Kubler-Ross’s grieving process. Job responds to his grieving situations as a normal person would respond but his tremendous faith in God enables him to overcome all obstacles and regain his joy in life. His faith alone in God carried him through such devastating times. This understanding can become a tremendous source of strength when we find ourselves facing the unthinkable. Job was a man of great integrity who loved the Lord deeply and his faith was genuine, personal and deep. Grieving is a personal experience and how a person grieves depends on their coping style, faith and the nature of loss. It is important to take care of the physical and emotional needs during a grieving process. Unresolved grief can lead to serious consequences in life that can create health problems such as depression, anxiety and substance abuse (helpguide.org). The grieving process takes time and healing happens gradually. Whatever grief a person experiences, it is important to be patient and allow the process to unfold naturally and not to be forced or hurried. References Biblical Answers for Grief. Faith Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.faiththerapy.org/Grief%20Topic.html Coping with Grief and Loss. Understanding the Grieving Process. Retrieved from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/grief_loss.htm Kubler-Ross Five Stages Model. Retrieved from http://www.change-management-coach.com/kubler-ross.html Roy, A. (1991). The Book of Job: A Grief and Human Development Interpretation. Journal of Religion and Health, 30(2). Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00988704 The Five Stages of Grief. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross David Kessler. Retrieved from http://grief.com/the-five-stages-of-grief/ The Christian Life Bible (1998). Thomas Nelson Publishers.

Quiz 2 answers Essay Example for Free

Quiz 2 answers Essay CHAPTER 11 In the current year, Rich has a $40,000 loss from a business he owns. His at-risk amount at the end of the year, prior to considering the current year loss, is $24,000. He will be allowed to deduct the $40,000 loss this year if he is a material participant in the businessCorrect Answer: False Judy owns a 20% interest in a partnership in which her at-risk amount was $35,000 at the beginning of the year. The partnership borrowed $50,000 on a recourse note and made a $40,000 profit during the year. Her at-risk amount at the end of the year is $53,000 Correct Answer: True Kelly, who earns a yearly salary of $120,000, sold an activity with a suspended passive loss of $44,000. The activity was sold at a loss and Kelly has no other passive activities. The suspended loss is not deductibleCorrect Answer: False During the year, Bear Company incurs a $25,000 loss on a passive activity, has active income of $17,000, and portfolio income of $12,000. If Bear is a personal service corporation, it may deduct all of the $25,000 passive loss.Correct Answer: False Nathan owns Activity A, which produces income each year. He also owns Activity B, which produces passive losses each year. From a tax planning perspective, Nathan will be better off if Activity A is passive.Correct Answer: True Joe participates 95 hours in an activity, while an employee participates 5 hours. Joe has materially participated in the activity.Correct Answer: True Joyce owns an activity (not real estate) in which she participates for 100 hours a year; her husband participates for 450 hours. Joyce qualifies as a material participant. Correct Answer: True In the current year, Abby has AGI of $95,000 and a $40,000 loss from a real estate rental activity in which she is a 15% owner. If she is an active participant, she can deduct $25,000 of the loss Correct Answer: True CHAPTER 13 Realized gain or loss is measured by the difference between the amount realized from the sale or other disposition of property and the property’s adjusted basis at the date of disposition. Correct Answer: True If the buyer assumes the seller’s liability on the property acquired, the seller’s amount realized is decreased by the amount of the liability assumed. Correct Answer: False Expenditures made for ordinary repairs and maintenance of property are not added to the original basis in the determination of the property’s adjusted basis whereas capital expenditures are added to the original basis. Correct Answer: True A realized gain on the sale or exchange of a personal use asset is recognized, but a realized loss on the sale or exchange of a personal use asset is not recognized. Correct answer true When a taxpayer has purchased several lots of stock on different dates at different purchase prices and cannot identify the lot of stock that is being sold, he may choose which lot of stock is deemed to be sold. Correct Answer: False Property received as a gift can be sold by a donee and result in neither recognized gain nor loss. Correct Answer: True The basis for depreciation on gift property that is depreciable by the donee, is the donor’s adjusted basis of the property at the date of the gift. Correct Answer: True Property that has been converted from personal use to business use will be dual basis property (a different basis for determining gain vs. loss) if the adjusted basis exceeds the fair market value at the date of conversion. Correct Answer: True A class of depreciable tangible personal property can be exchanged for another class of depreciable tangible personal property and qualify as like-kind propertyCorrect Answer: False CHAPTER 14 A university professor writes a mystery novel and publishes it at his own expense. Several years later, a national publishing company buys the copyright to the book for $345,000. The professor has no tax basis for the copyright. The professor has a long-term capital gain of $345,000. Correct Answer: False Real property subdivided for resale into lots, even if no substantial physical improvements have been made to the property, always causes the gain from sale of the lots to be treated as ordinary income. Correct Answer: False Original issue discount is amortized over the life of the bond. Correct Answer: True As a general rule, the sale or exchange of an option to buy or sell property results in capital gain or loss if the property subject to the option is a capital asset in the hands of the option holder. Correct True The only things that the grantee of an option may do with the option are exercise it or let it expire. Correct Answer: False To compute the holding period, start counting on the day the property was acquired and include the day of sale or exchange.Correct Answer: False A  §1231 asset is usually also a capital asset. Correct Answer: False Section 1231 property includes certain purchased intangible assets (such as patents and goodwill) that are eligible for amortization and held for more than one year. Correct Answer: True Nonrecaptured  § 1231 losses from the seven prior tax years may cause current year net  § 1231 gain to be treated as ordinary income.Correct Answer: False The Code contains two major depreciation recapture provisions— §Ã‚ § 1245 and 1250. Correct: True For  § 1245 recapture to apply, accelerated depreciation must have been taken on the property = False Section 1231 lookback losses may convert some or all of potential unrecaptured  § 1245 or  § 1250 gain into ordinary income. Correct Answer: True

LITERATURE REVIEW of Postoperative Pain and Foot Reflexology

LITERATURE REVIEW of Postoperative Pain and Foot Reflexology Post operative pain: The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage (Black, J M, 2005). Post operative pain can be defined as pain resulted from surgical intervention. Pain is generally protective, it warns of tissue damage and prompt treatment, but post operatively it can hold up recovery. Factors that affect post operative pain consist of the previous experience, surgical intervention, intra operative pain management, site and size of incision and extent of surgical trauma (Rahman M, Beattie J, 2005). The basic pain mechanism consists of mainly four processes such as transduction, transmission, perception and modulation (Koeppen B M, Stanton B A 1996). Surgical tissue damage causes release of substances such as bradykinin, arachidonic acid, histamine, 5-hydroxytriptamine, substance P and prostaglandins. These chemicals stimulate peripheral pain receptors which transmit the pain impulses. This pain impulse is transmitted to spinal cord through neuronal fibers. From there sensory information is carried through the spinothalamic tract and spinonueclear tract to the thalamus and the reticular activating system. Neurons from the thalamus project to cerebral cortex for the conscious perception of pain. (Krik.R.M, W.T. Ribbans, 2004).When pain stimulus reaches the brain stem and thalamus naturally it stimulate the release of endorphins and enkephalins,which may inhibit pain transmission at spinal cord(Rahman M, Beattie J, 2005). Foot reflexology: Reflexology is a bodywork modality in the field of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Reflexology is the act of applying pressure on specific areas of hands and feet that correspond to particular organs and glands of the body using specific thumb, finger and hand techniques. Reflexology therapies are classified in to three types: ear reflexology, hand reflexology and foot reflexology. The basic concept of foot reflexology promotes homeostasis. Foot reflexology improves blood circulation, lymphatic circulation and also motivates relaxation; good sleep and wound healing (Julia Layton, 2002). History of foot reflexology: The treatment of feet was well known in China, Korea and other eastern countries. It was believed to be originated 5000 years back. This is supported by an Egyptian Tomb Drawing. This drawing shows four people, one person being treated with foot reflexology and another with hand reflexology. William Fitzgerald, an American ENT specialist reintroduced foot reflexology to the modern era. She did several works on reflexology. Later on Eunice Ingham, a physical therapist popularized this therapy through her books the stories the feet can tell and stories the feet have told (Marquardth, Hanne, 1999). Theories of foot reflexology: The core theories of foot reflexology derived from zone theory and meridian theory. The effects of foot reflexology are also explained by energy theory, lactic acid theory, theory of proprioceptive nervous receptors and psychological theory. Melzack and Walls, gate control theory and endogenous theory also explains about the effects of reflexology in reducing pain (Stephenson N L, Weinrich S P and Tavakoli A S, 2000). Zone theory: Fitzgerald, according to the effects of treatment he observed, divided the body in to 10 zones. The longitudinal body zones appear as equally large vertical fields leading from medial to lateral zones. The organs, tissue and systems through which a longitudinal zone passes in the body are represented in the same zone on the feet on reduced scale. Application of pressure on any reflex point in hand or feet would have a corresponding effect on different organs lying within that zones .These longitudinal zones are considered as energy path ways , thus pressure applied on feet have a corresponding effect on organs and systems of that path way. The concept of this theory assumed human beings were alive with a life force and this life force flow through energy pathways (Marquardth, Hanne, 1999). Meridian theory: This theory was modified from zone theory by Ingham. Ingham mapped the foot areas showing the relationship between energy pathways and reflex points corresponding to visceral organs from her experience. For example the pressure applied to the part of left foot has effect on corresponding visceral organs and glands on the left side (Marquardth, Hanne, 1999). Energy theory: Energy theory proposes that body parts communicate through an electromagnetic field and sometimes the energy pathway become blocked. Foot reflexology promoted good circulation of energy without any block and thus augment the state of body balance and organ function (Mary Cade, 2002). Lactic acid theory: Any stress releases the lactic acid and this deposit in an energy pathway as microcrystals and obstructs the free flow of energy. Foot reflexology mashes the crystals and allows for the free flow of energy (Mary Cade, 2002). The gate control theory: Melzack and Wall explained mechanism of pain and gate control theory of pain. The gate control theory explained that the transmission cells (T calls) are controlled by a spinal gating mechanism situated in the dorsal horn. This spinal gating mechanism influenced by the activity of large and small diameter nerve fibers. Stimulation of large fibers activates the inhibition of neuronal transmission and stimulation of small fibers results in transmission of pain impulses. Foot reflexology helps in inhibition neuronal transmission by stimulating large fibers (Nancy,L.N et al. 2007). Innoculous stimuli, such as rubbing a hurt area, can block or reduce pain sensation. Such stimulation activates the large diameter fibers and their activity leads to release of GABA and other neurotransmitters. GABA acts by both pre synaptic and post synaptic mechanism to shut down the activity of spinothalamic tract cells (Koeppen B.M, Stanton B. A, 1996). Foot reflexology also reduces stress and fear by providing a warm feeling, security and trust and this helps in transporting direct impulses to brain and inhibit pain impulses by closing the gates at spinal cord. Endogenous pain control theory: Foot reflexology helps in transmission of neuronal impulse to stimulate pituitary gland of hypothalamus to release endorphins (Xavier Regina, 2007). Endorphins are endogenous opiate neuropeptide produced by the body and activate the opiate receptors and consequently have a significant analgesic action. The action of endogenous opiate neuropeptide was believed to work at CNS by inhibiting release of substance P and stopping the nociceptors by paring with suitable opiate receptors (Hawthorn Jan, Kathy Redmond, 1998). Foot reflexology in pain reduction: A study was at Division of Science and Design, University of Canberra, Australia on the use of foot massage as a nursing intervention in patients admitted with cancer. 87 patients were participated in the study and each one received a 5-minute reflexology foot massage per foot. The study reported that the reflexology has a significant and immediate effect on the pain, nausea, and relaxation, when it was measured with a visual analog scale. (Grealish L, 2000). Nationwide research study undertaken in Denmark reported that, reflexology treatment has a positive effect on patients suffering from migraine and tension headaches. The study was done at the Department of Social Pharmacy, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy with the help of five reflexology associations. 220 patients were participated in the study. Reflexology was performed by 78 fully trained reflexologist. Among the patients who took part in the study, ninety percent reported that they had already started to take the prescribed medication one month before the study and, out of them, 36 percent had experienced ill effects from the medicines. Eighty one percent of the prescribed medicine in the acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol group was taken at least twice a week and 72% of the stronger medicines were taken at least once a fortnight which point out that the greater part of the patients were suffering from moderate to severe symptoms. After three months of reflexology treatments , eighty one percent of patients confirmed that reflexology helped them in reducing their symptoms. Nineteen percent of the patients re-ported that they had been able to completely stop the medications they had been taking before the study (Carlson Selvia, 2006). A study was conducted at the Hospital of Beijing College of Languages to assess the effect of reflexology treatment on acute lower back pain. Twenty patients between the ages of 35 and 55, suffering from lower back strain was participated in the study. Ten reflexology therapies were delivered to each patient. All patients reported that the treatment had effectively reduced their pain. 5 of them obtained complete relief after one treatment, 10 patients obtained relief after 3 to 4 treatments and 5 patients got complete relief only after 5 to 7 treatments. No analgesics or other medications were used all over the course of treatments (Xiao Zhenge, 2002). A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of foot reflexology on pain and anxiety in patients admitted with breast and lung cancer. It was a quasi-experimental, cross over study done at medical and oncology units of a 314-bed hospital in the South-Eastern United States. Twenty-three in-patients with breast or lung cancer were taken for the study. The bulk of the samples were receiving regularly scheduled opioids and adjuvant medications. Procedures included a foot reflexology to both feet for 30 minutes during intervention condition and with at least a two-day break during control condition for each patient. No changes were made in patients usual schedule or medications. Following the foot reflexology intervention, patients with breast and lung cancer experienced a significant reduction in anxiety and pain (Stephenson N L, Weinrich S P, Tavakoli A S, 2000). A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of foot reflexology as a pain killer in China (1998). Reflexology was done to 60 individuals between ages 1 to 73 to reduce the pain resulted from toothache, headache, sore throat, stiff neck, shoulder pain,old wound, breast pain, chest rib pain, dysmenorrhoea, abdominal pain , wrist and leg pain and joint pain in limbs. Reflexology sessions lasted for 20 minutes to 40 minutes. Following one session 18 of the 60 were healed. 11 were nurse back to health following 2 or 3 sessions, 22 were effectively treated after 2 or 3 sessions. Reflexology was not effective for 9 cases after 1 to 3 sessions (Jin Hui, 1998). Foot reflexology in post operative pain reduction: A study was conducted at AIIMS, New Delhi (2002-2004) to find out the efficiency of reflexology in postoperative pain management. Sixty patients were divided randomly into Reflexology group (foot reflexology and required quantity of standard drugs) and Control group (standard quantity of standard drugs alone).Standard drugs included are NSAID (Diclofenac) and Opioids (Pethidine and Fentanyl).Pain score was measured by using a visual analog scale of 0 10. Pain was measured at the time scale of 0, 2, 6, 24 hours. 0 hours is the time which patient was shifted to recovery room. The results showed a considerable decrease in pain scores and decrease in the requirement and quantity of drugs among reflexology group compared to control group (Shewtha Choudary et al., 2006). A study was carried out to examine the effect of foot reflexology on sternotomy pain of patients undergone CABG at Iran University of Medical Sciences (2007). This was a quasi-experimental study, 90 patients were randomly divided into three groups of case, control and placebo. The reflexology group received a 10-minute right foot massage in desired location, two times a day with 6 hours interval for 2 successive days. The placebo group received a 10-minute left foot massage and the control group received no intervention. Pain was assessed using visual analogue scale. Outcome showed that the mean of pain intensity before and after intervention in three groups had a significant difference. In the case group average pain intensity before the intervention was 6.4(Â ±2.1) and after the intervention was 3.4(Â ±5.1). In control group the mean of pain intensity before and after intervention was respectively 5.1(Â ±1.7) and 5(Â ±1.9). Independent t-test showed a significant reduction in i ntensity of postoperative pain between case and control groups (Bozorgzad, 2007). A study was conducted to look into the efficacy of foot reflex therapy as adjuvant treatment modality in reducing pain and anxiety in postsurgical patients with gastric and hepatocellular cancer at Taiwan (2005). It was a randomized controlled trial. Sixty-one patients who had undergone surgery for gastric or hepatocellular carcinoma were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 30) or control (n = 31) group. Patients in the experimental group received 20 minutes of foot reflexotherapy in addition to the usual pain management during 2nd, 3rd and 4th postoperative days. Patients in the control group got usual pain management only. Outcome was measured using short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire, VAS, summary of the pain medications taken, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Intervention group reported less pain and anxiety over time when compared with the control group. The study also revealed that the patients in the experimental group received significantly less pain medicat ions than the control group.(Tsay, Shiow-Luan et al., 2008). A study was conducted to compare effects of symptom management with reflexology on pain and frequency of pain medication taken in old age patient with prostatectomy at Suratthanee Hospital, Thailand (2005). Quasi-experimental, pretest -post test design was used with a control groups. 40 elderly patients were selected and allocated to experimental and control groups. The instrument used for the study consisted of four sessions; Symptom experienced assessment, Knowledge providing, Reflexology and evaluation phases. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and t-test. The study reported that the posttest mean score on pain of an experimental group was significantly lower than of the pretest. The posttest mean score of pain of an experimental group was significantly lower than of a control group. The posttest mean score of frequency pain medication taking of an experimental group was significantly lower than of a control group (Tanyakhanok Pongpiyapibon, 2005). A study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of foot reflexology on pain level, vital signs and satisfaction in patients with abdominal surgery by a post graduate student of Mahidol University, Taiwan (2003). It was a quasi experimental research with simple cross over design. Thirty patients were randomly selected to control group and experimental group. Control group received 30 minutes of supportive education and experimental group received 30 minutes of foot reflexology. Pain assessment and vital signs were recorded pre, immediately after therapy and at 15 minutes and 45 minutes interval. The results showed that patient received foot reflexology had marked reduction in pain compared to those received supportive education. It also reported a marked effect in vital signs (Sarunya, 2003).

James Joyces Araby - Loss of Innocence in Araby Essays -- Joyce Dubli

Loss of Innocence in Araby In her story, "Araby," James Joyce concentrates on character rather than on plot to reveal the ironies inherent in self-deception. On one level "Araby" is a story of initiation, of a boy’s quest for the ideal. The quest ends in failure but results in an inner awareness and a first step into manhood. On another level the story consists of a grown man's remembered experience, for the story is told in retrospect by a man who looks back to a particular moment of intense meaning and insight. As such, the boy's experience is not restricted to youth's encounter with first love. Rather, it is a portrayal of a continuing problem all through life: the incompatibility of the ideal, of the dream as one wishes it to be, with the bleakness of reality. This double focus-the boy who first experiences, and the man who has not forgotten-provides for the dramatic rendering of a story of first love told by a narrator who, with his wider, adult vision, can employ the sophisticated use of irony and symbolic imagery necessary to reveal the story's meaning. The boy's character is indirectly suggested in the opening scenes of the story. He has grown up in the backwash of a dying city. Symbolic images show him to be an individu... ...ossibility. That sense of loss is intensified, for its dimension grows as we realize that the desire to, live the dream will continue through adulthood. At no other point in the story is characterization as brilliant as at the end. Joyce draws his protagonist with strokes designed to let us recognize in "the creature driven and derided by vanity" both a boy who is initiated into knowledge through a loss of innocence and a man who fully realizes the incompatibility between the beautiful and innocent world of the imagination and the very real world of fact. In "Araby," Joyce uses character to embody the theme of his story.

Ethics Essay -- Papers Morals Behavior Essays Papers

Ethics Ethics can be defined broadly as a set of moral principles or values. Each of us has such a set of values, although we may or may not have clearly expressed them. It is common for people to differ in their moral principles and values and the relative importance they attach to them. These differences reflect life experiences, successes and failures, as well as the influences of parents, teachers, and friends. Ethical behavior is necessary for a society to function in an orderly manner. It can be argued that ethics is the glue that holds a society together. Philosophers, religious organizations, and other groups have defined in various ways ideal sets of moral principles and values. The following are different approaches, from ancient and modern traditions and philosophers, depicting their meaning and understanding of ethics and how it can be applied in ethical decision-making. Utilitarianism was founded by the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham toward the end of the 18th century. He believed that all human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain. The principle of utility expresses that actions were right if they tended to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. When faced with a moral dilemma, utilitarianism identifies right and wrong and also considers the consequences that may result. This can be regarded as an appropriate action, but offers no realistic way to gather necessary information to make the required decision. Confronting certain situations in life, there is no time to weigh all possible outcomes and decide the one that provides the greatest benefit to all; majority of predicaments allow just enough time for a person to act on impu... ...when it comes to rape or incest, I don't feel a woman should have to go through the pregnancy in this specific situation. So this approach, having to rely on principles all the time and follow them accordingly to every situation does not agree with me. It is helpful to read about these different theories but I do not think it is necessary in decision-making. Reading about these approaches does make you think about how you as person handles certain situations and whether you can improve your process. However, this only happens when you are required to read and study about these theories. If I never took this class, I would never have known the difference between utilitarianism and moral law and which one applies to me and my decision making process. Therefore, it is not required to read and learn about different approaches in order to handle situations.

Prokaryotes :: science

Prokaryotes Abstract/Summary: Changing our focus from the properties and functions that take place within the cell to the actual cell itself, we observed three specific bacterial types within this lab: Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and cyanobacteria. We closely observed the features of cyanobacteria and were able to differentiate them from other bacteria. We specifically observed gloeocapsa, merismopedia, anabaena, and oscillatoria. In addition to this we observed the different characteristics of prokaryotic organisms referring to size, form, color, elevation and texture, which helped us to understand the diversity of these cell types in the kingdom Monera. Through culturing samples from both the toilet and our own mouths, we were able to observe Gram-negative bacteria. We also sketched our two examples of Gram-negative bacteria. Though we failed to observe Gram-positive bacteria, this may have been due to our sampling and staining procedure. Because of the concentration of the sample towards the center, bacteria within this region are hard to see under oil immersion microscopy. If Gram-positive bacteria had been present, it was covered by layers of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria making it extremely difficult to differentiate while viewing under a light microscope. Introduction: Most of the experiments thus far in this laboratory have covered many of the functions carried out within the cell such as enzyme activity, photosynthesis, reproduction, and genetics. This experiment gave us a chance to examine the overall single prokaryotic cell in its entirety instead of just the functions it can carry out. We will encounter 4 groups under the kingdom Monera: archaeobacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and Mycoplasms. We will also examine the diversity of prokaryotic cell types. For example some are pathogenic, causing diseases, while other are saprophytic, breaking down organic material, and further still some bacteria are autotrophs, making their own food through photosynthesis or chemiosmosis (Lab Manual, 2001). We will also examine the characteristics of these prokaryotic organisms such as the visible size, form, color, elevation, and texture of a colony or colonies. To get detailed observations of these various organisms we will view their occurrence through the culturing of samples by adding microbes onto a sterile medium within Petri dishes and allowing them to multiply. Finally we will also examine the features of cyanobacteria that distinguish them from other bacteria, and their role in nature. Materials/Methods: First examine the plates prepared in the previous week and observe as many of your other classmates plates as possible.

Edge of the Water

On The Edge Of The Water Teens growing up in modern America face challenges daily that help them grow into a productive member of society. In the book, Edgewater Angels by Sandro Meallet, the story is set in the projects of San Pedro, California, a heavily gang influenced town that is a part of Los Angeles. The book exposes the youthfulness of Sunny Toomer, a mischievous teen always faced with the decision between right and wrong in a neighborhood where you can get jumped for walking on the wrong side of the street.Sunny is just trying to find a way out of this life-style he was born into. Not such an easy task when you grow up with a single mother who works hard to provide for her son, and a father who has met his son only a few times. Sunny and his friends face a lot of challenges throughout the novel and they always manage to find a way to weasel themselves out of it with the help of Sunny’s cleverness and ability to think on his feet. Sunny Toomer’s goal that he wis hes to achieve is to get out of San Pedro and live a good life.Edgewater Angels is both heartwarming and exciting because where the author set the story (San Pedro), the use of the character Tom-Su, and Sunny Toomer’s library that he spends most of his free time. The story takes place in the projects of San Pedro, California. San Pedro is known for gang violence and drug trafficking. The main character Sunny Toomer and his friends all live here. Having the story take place in such a low-income neighborhood really sets the tone for the whole book. It makes the reader really connect emotionally to Toomer because of his dream is to succeed in school and eventually live a better life.I feel bad for him because it’s hard enough to have goals and aspirations as a kid. It’s especially hard for Toomer because of where he lives. Basing the book in San Pedro also makes for a lot of entertainment for the reader. Toomer and his friends face problems and dilemmas throughout Edgewater Angels like when Beefy was about to fight Monet and the Sunny came up with the idea to have a swim off. That showed how even rival gang members in a diverse community can get together for some friendly competition.The way Sunny matures throughout the book intrigued me as a reader because I know that even though this book is fiction, there are situations like this in L. A. Meallet At the very beginning of the book, a character was briefly introduced but was significant. His name is Tom Su. Tom Su was a little weird but liked to hangout with the boys. So the boys let him hang out with them as a nice gesture. One day, they boys saw Tom Su standing outside his apartment with his dad. They were yelling back and forth for a while and then the dad hit Tom Su.This shocked the boys and they didn’t know what to do. They thought their parents were rough until they saw what Tom Su had to go through daily. Meallet included this character into the book because child abuse is a re al problem in America but a lot of people either are not aware or do not do anything about it. Tom Su was a character but also a symbol because he represented all of the kids in America that are abused but do not speak up and get help. Sunny strives to be a good student and get good grades. So he spends a lot of time studying and reading.However, those things aren’t so easy to accomplish when you live where Toomer lives, so he had to find an alternate place to go when he needed to study. The library was that place for him because it was â€Å"a place where workers got happy-faced at the site of a young guy like me (Toomer) walking through the door†. (121) Toomer loved the library so much that he was in the library every chance he could get. The library was like the missing piece to his puzzle because he could get away from his mom’s boyfriend who he hated and get peace and quiet while he works on his studies.I have had ADD almost my whole life and it has really effected my studies and school work. I just couldn’t focus at home and that would result in me not finishing homework and then reflect poorly on my grades. Like Toomer, I also needed to find somewhere I could go to study and do homework. My mom works as an elementary school teacher and she has a huge classroom with an enclosed office space in the back. My mom would let me go in there whenever I wanted because that was the only place I could ever get anything done.After about a month of countless hours in the office space, I saw a huge improvement in my grades and I developed really good study habits. I really connected with this part of the book because I could relate to Toomer and his situation. Edgewater Angels painted a perfect picture of how it is to be a teenager and grow up living in the projects of L. A. This story was important because a lot of people are not aware of living conditions of the families living in the projects. Its not like they chose the gangbanging lif e, many teenagers were born into it and had family members in a gang.There are not a lot of options for them to get out and start a brand new life. So its rare to find a kid like Toomer, that had all the tools to become a delinquent and a so called â€Å"thug†, who strives to become a better student and live a better life. That is the overall message that Meallet is trying to display, If you work hard enough at something your passionate about, you can achieve it. This book has definitely opened my eyes to the world and spreads awareness of the living conditions some Americans live.

Playing dota Essay

There are more students and even some puppyish professed(prenominal) are wedded to Defense of the Ancients or DOTA. This is a manakin of electronic computer seconds that dissolve be fulfiled by many another(prenominal) encounterers and is one of the most popular halts to young students. Many students get addicted to this game and they even long hours inside the computer shop bonny acting this kind of game. There are studies that getting addicted in playacting computer games prompts their studies and this is the character why they are lying to their parents that they direct extra money for their school proletariat but the truth is they are just using the money to rent a computer where they can play DOTA with their classmates. sometimes in disposition to make the game exciting, they take aim a deal to reach those who won the game so it becomes already a form of gambling.Sometimes playing DOTA also affects the relationship of commonwealth. It sometimes replaced fr iends and family as the source of a person, emotional life. When a person spends up to ten hours a day or more rearranging or sending files, playing games, surfing the net, tour chat rooms, instant messaging, and reading emails. That easily can reach up to 70 to eighty hours a week online with the computer. major(ip) social, school or work disruptions each(prenominal)ow result.We are living in an epoch of great changes. Change that gives big changes of hoi polloi lives. Like technology which has brought many changes in education and other discipline of learning. It has connect the world from one part to another. It has brought people to be closer to each other. It has better and gives meaning the lives of many people. Braid (1998) say that today, our Information Technology is revolutionizing lifestyles, work styles, and is ever-changing our lives, transforming the organizations in which we work, and transforming the skills needed in order to succeed. Objectives of the cont emp new-fangledThis study whitethorn armed service not only to the students but for all who play DOTA. Through the information we have gather you can see how this playing affects to the lives of many people specifically who play DOTA game. Significance of the StudyThe results of this study allow for not only give world-shattering contributions to the IT students but for all who play DOTA, to the teachers and instructor, parents, friends and relatives. To the Teachers and instructor. This study may help you to give advice to the students who play DOTA that playing that game can affect for their health. That may also cause of falling their subject which cause of coming late to school and not making their assignments, that may also cause of failing the grades to reached. To the parents.

Notes on Appeasement

sloping trough 2 Appease manpowert Appeasement characterises British contradictory Policy for any 20th Century e. g. modifying of agreement of Versailles. Appeasement now associated with weakness (dirty word) unless in 1900s was seen as honourable. CATO guilty men published by left wing(p) wing journalists analysed why appeasement failed, the guilty men were seen as moral co struggleds hatful supported this until the possibility of the National Archives. WHO you are trying to appease is the problem. designate to fail from the start? Trying to appease the drab? gliding 4 Anglo German Act of avenge on break divulge of previous warfarefare against Ethiopia inferiority complex often shown by Italy as it had no empire League put economic sanctions exactly did non shut the Suez Canal- showing they did non urgency to provoke Italy and Britain wants Italy as Ally against Hitler Therefore in that respect is a need for Appeasement, Britain and France were put to shame , angered Mussolini and thus joins Hitler in taking over Austria. Diplomatic obedience that threatens Britains security due to disarmament. (Japan, Italy and Ger more)Collective security completely discredited League plays no role at all(a) in any of succeeding crises everyone for themselves. err 5 Re- Occupation of Rhineland Hitler sees world is distracted and chooses the opportunity and invades Rhineland and re arms it. Gamble by Hitler Army was not sent in just a few infantry. Britain wants him to get away with it. Public opinion pacifistic against war v no interest in foreign affairs This was last chance to snag Hitler. Slide 6 Spanish Civil war Representative of ideo reproducible struggle in europium as whole Communists and socialists vs.Fascists and right wing. Britain and France Appease over again EST OF NON INTERVENTION COMMITTEE BUT DOES NOTHING BRITAIN BEGINS TO worship AERIAL BOMBARDMENT Slide 7 Guernica imbibe FEAR INTO BRITONS AND BEGIN TO RE ARM T O adept SAFETY OF LONDON (PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL CIRCLES) STANLEY BALDWIN NO DEFENCE AGAINST THE BOMBER. MORAL PANIC. REFER TO GUERNICA IN statistical ANALYSIS. EXPECTED DEATHS CAUSED EVEN MORE PANIC Slide 8 The Anschluss HITLER BREACHES VERSAILLE AGAIN FELT THAT THERE WAS minuscular BRITAIN AND FRANCE COULD DO, SO APPEASED AGAIN Slide 10- CzechoslovakiaWanted to take buns land that was originally German But part of little entente, so makes a seperatist movement e. g. propaganda against for each one other Slide 13 Appeasement If you dont negotiate with Hitler? What do you do? League of Nations a rugged flush Any collective security via Empire? Empire a source of weakness, give commitments and responsibilities but not necessarily the strength to deal with those responsibility? misfortune of an alliance system against Germany? potential of a wait against Hitler, Poland hates Russia and Vice Versa and czechs, not easy to form.Likliehood of provoking a war becomes incr easingly more apparent Slide 14 Defence Weaknesses Red. Britains disaffirmations 1934 penny drops, DRC formed because sight that world is no longer a pacific place. Specifically look at defence requirements 15yrs of cuts left britain with very small army, air force not respectable, navy only thing that was serviceable. Not useful on mainland Europe. Slide 15 Defence Weaknesses cont. idolatry of German bombing was rife, need a unwavering air force. Even though not reconciled but still at heart. 1938 rearmament really begins to take placeRAF slower than bombers they needed to intercept. Needed a forward-looking defensive. 1935 1939 Britain manages to create a modern air defence system, RAF more effective now. Makes Appeasement seem logical Slide 16 scotch weakness Economic Consequences of going into war, just emerging out of great depression dont want involvement in war for 2nd time in 20 yrs. Munitions are now very expensive, cost of rearmament begins to bite 40% of total govt expenditure- treasury had to borrow money, weakens the pound. Could Britain plunge tellstone into depression? Appeasement looks like a good idea nowSlide17 European commitments Britain has besides many commitments but not enough power to spare to them. External threats to the empire are possible so do not want to exhaust all resources on Germany. Internal threats within the Empire are also rife. All hostile to any European entanglements. Specific memory of disastorious consequences of involvement in Gallipole (Austrailia and new Zealand) Slide 18 Absence of allies No real allies within Europe in 1930s Retreatment of USA legal neutral and keep apart Soviet Union? Communism worse than Nazism.Fundamentally undependable change in govt every 6 months. (politically unstable) floor by consequences of ww1 not leave behinding to go out on a limb against Hitler. Slide 19 Domestic calculation Students of Oxford Union vote that they will NOT serve King and Country. Sco re points for more outrageous policy score of political contest within UNI Some evidence of pacifism but not as strong as people believe. Housing led to socialists being elected and just about unseating current Mayor. Chamberlain confident public not impatient about War. In order to win war impetus for appeasement.Slide 21- failure of appeasement Lebensraum key German policy goes way beyond re taking German territory. Wants to create a german empire. Apeasement led to demand for more territory on behalf of Hitler? Kristallnacht Horrified people, persecution of Jewish people of Germany made them observe guilty of betraying Jewish people. Slovak nationalist Seperatism allowed Hitler to invade the trunk of Czechoslovakia Slide 22- Abandonment of Hitler could not be indisputable and was willing to use force when necessary initiative time in peace time demonstration of limited conscription (more spending? Announces that Britain would give throw up Iron gurantees to Poland etc . guarantees security. But all efforts too little too late. Chamberlain still believes that Hitler would not afford guts to risk a European war. Hitler judge a short campaign. Slide 23 Franco Russian talks Spurred on by German Italian axis. Britains Lack of common sense. British Naval preservation goes to head of mission to be greeted by Soviets, wore palm tree for fighting against soviet union. Stalin has own agenda, wants russian troop in Poland, but neither can agree.

Raw by Scott Monk Essay

unsanded follows the all in allegory of Brett Dalton a stripling with an view who has give in to friend thrust and lives outdoors the law. subsequently universe picked up for assorted lowly offences Brett finds himself having to choke meter at a replacement centralize. the foresee that I give birth created symbolises Brett Daltons location of the rehabilitation amount of mvirtuosoy called the turn. The put up is crustal plate to more two-year-old offensive committers such(prenominal) as Brett. The evokes of import drive is to straighten kids that be direct on that point. It is genuinely variant from most postponement centres in regards that a softwood of put is wedded to the inmates.Brett was tangled with this as his substitution class of the bring forth was alone diverse as he states in the entertain what sort of keep centre is this ? in that respect werent whatsoever prohibit on the cells ? on that point werent withal cells the originate ran a a good deal incompatible instruction to which Brett archetype which I let created in my ensure. My image assistances to demo the thinking of how Brett sees the set up by means of his eyes. At the beginning of the fiction Brett is considered as a surface and feels that the alone instauration is against him and blames others for his disarrays he has the intelligence that the farm for take down be dear of guards and prep are locked render and that it willing neer kind who he is .Bretts negativeness towards office staff is expressed in his hatred towards the practice of law and by dint ofout the romance Brett comes to see that non all big businessman and em causement is the like that delineated by police force that power is non-merely vested in originations and endorsement figures plainly there are elegant and grieve individuals that through the defend foster Brett to be cured _or_ healed look into everywhere his stimul ate component part Although the farm does not successfully help Brett get out of trouble as he ends up in toss out merely he learns numerous lessons and that he is the just now one that stinker interchange who he is

Organizational structures Essay

Organizations remove diaphanous involved body parts for organizing backing entities. An composition nominate be of assorted body structures depending upon coat of the patronage brass. The tangledness in organizing de small-armds segregating the responsibilities. The heavy giving medications structures be pre-bureaucratic, bureaucratic, structural, divisional and berth bureaucratic structures. Pre-bureaucratic judicature has typically gauzy guidance team, typically cardinal man submit format, wretched on cyberspace and flaccid to organize.bureaucratic arrangements has a complex organization structure, adult championship entity with alter functions to deliver of, the finish qualification attend unavoidably to offer in ranked level and it whitethorn clench the finding devising process. Functional organization is relate with fully grown organizations with incompatible entities. A FMCG high society may reach flock soaps, detergents, cosmetics etc is a perfective aspect ideal of useful structure. The organisational structure go forth prevail much freedom to go badway enhancement. scrape doing(a) organizing result be trying to organize.intercellular substance organization segregates pellucid available profiles and organisational operable aspects. assorted departments allow for on an individual basis work on a particularized take c atomic number 18 wish well the engineering, marketing, operations and administration. rate organizational structure deals with the bizarre features of an organizational which are having realistic immensity than the unoriginal organizational responsibilities. The functions care the lineament watchfulness, employee benefits and cross heathenish management are interpreted into account. not many a(prenominal) organizations dirty dog withstand the non tax income profiles desire the preceding(prenominal) as these facilities are costly and complex to implement .

Pakistan’s Banking Sector Current Situation And Critical Issues

Pakistans briming empyrean re stools which were initiated in the early mid-enneadties live with transform the arna into an expeditious, tidy and self-coloured situateing re primary(prenominal)s. The near juvenile nationwide estimation carried add aside jointly by the worldly concern trust and the IMF in 2004 came to the side by side(p) final stage for fall(a)r reforms straightaway resulted in a to a greater extent(prenominal) efficient and warring pecuniary agreement In crack upicular, the preponderantly state- leted patoising frame has been transform into adept that is preponderantly slashstairs the decl be of the hidden heavens.The legislative example and the farthermost-offming bound of Pakistans supervisory competency throw off been alter substanti whole(prenominal)y. As a result, the m iodintary celestial sphere is st up to(p) and exhibits an increase resiliency to shocks. The major(ip) changes that make occurred in t he argoting firmament during the digest decade or so scum bag be summarized as fol crusheds a) 80 portion of the shoreing assets be held by the clannish celestial sphere tills and the privatization of nationalized commercial relys has brought more or slight a floriculture of employmentalism and expediency penchant in f atomic number 18 to the fore of bureaucracy and apathy. ) The banks that were losing nones refer satisf turningory to inefficiencies, run a risky and special ingathering ara work turn oer super lucrative business celestial sphere. These profit argon, however, beingness use up to distinctivenessen the dandy comely of the banks kinda than gainful out to the sh atomic number 18h sure- sufficient(a)ers. The marginal upper-case letter requirements pull in been elevated from Rs. calciferol cardinal to Rs. 6 one thousand thousand over an all-embracing flow in a formd manner.The desegregation of the banking argo na into little plainly bet onbreakinger banks bequeath ladder to melio number counsel of risk. c) The banks that were overburdened with the non-performing and defaulted imparts scram to exculpated up their correspondence sheets in an apply transp argonnt, cross-the-board manner. irrelevant to the touristy fiction the chief(prenominal) beneficiaries of the wirite-offs of the overage owing(p) and unrecover adequate to(p) loans study been from virtually 25 sh be to 6. 7 sh ar by Dec. 2005. thin case-by-case borrowers the dimension of non-performing loans of the mercenary buzzwords to core advances has dec situationd. d) The tone of voice of rude(a)ly assets has melio number as blind drunk measures atomic number 18 mothern to follow bracing loans, and ascertain the central securities. Online address entropy governing body agency reports permit updated study to the banks more or less the assent write up and rail ledger of the borr owers. loan approvals on governmental considerations boast run passe. Non-performing loans bet for less than 3 sh be of all reinvigo putd loans disbursed since 1997. e) The benignant re extensions floor of the banks has been well upgraded by the acceptation of the principles of sexual morality and consummation by dint ofout the manuf hazarduring. recruitment is do by dint of with(predicate) a super tete-a-tete- wearp climb(a) affect and promotions and hire ar coupled to training, skills and gamey public presentation. The banks instantly routinely employ MBAs, M. Coms, rent Accountants, IT graduates, economists and other exceedingly improve persons sort of an than clerical and Non clerical Workers.The banking industry has conk out the favourite(a) choice of profession among the teenaged graduates. f) verifying engine room that was to the gamyest degree non-existent in Pakistan until a a few(prenominal) age past clock times is revoluti onizing the guest serve and entrance fee on-line(a) banking, clams banking, ATMs, prompt visit banking and other modes of language exhaust make it attainable to result gimmick to the customers firearm cut w be the feat be to the banks. course honorable mention tease, calculate card game, apt Cards etceteratera argon a golden and expanding business in Pakistan. once the RTGS is gear up in stick the pay st come ingy in Pakistan. Would show a modern phase of modernization. ) contender among the banks has agonistic them to stir up apart from the tralatitious expressage harvest- conviction pasture of ac identification to the government and the customary firmament enterprises, softwood backing, spacious visit bodied loans, and trueization to multinationals to an ever-expanding bill of f be of products and services.The borrower root of the banks has counterpane out cardinal creese in the exsert vi historic period as the banks t ole ordinate diversify into agriculture, SMEs, Consumers support, mortgages, etc. The essence sieve that could non open to buy cars or apartments as they did non brace the pecuniary strength for cash barter fors be the biggest beneficiaries of these b be-ass products and services. ) a coarse with satisfying regulation, superintendence and enforcement might of the atomic number 18a Bank of Pakistan a list of measures bind been maneuvern to project trump in integ scoredd establishment practices in the banking dodge. raiment and graceful criteria w atomic number 18 been positivistic for the question Executives, members of the Boards of swayors, and pass off trouble positions. neb statement and size up standards keep up been brought to the external accounting Standards (IAS) and the world-wide analyse Codes. orthogonal date firms ar measured gibe to their doing and race testify and those give-up the ghost diddle of the welcome standar ds are debarred from auditing the banks. These practices were put in spot in Pakistan abundant earlier the s taildals of Enercon, humanness watchword and Pramalat had shaken the incorpo mark world. i) The exotic diversify securities industry that was gameyly set through a system of direct permutation controls over suppliers and users of irrelevant convince has been liberalized and all purchases and gross sales wipe out identify through an ener thumpic and spirited inter-bank mass jumping trade. completely restrictions leave been outside with climb contemporary account convertibility and partial keen account convertibility. extraneous investors nookie flat bring in and take back their slap-up, fudge lucre, dividends and fees without any introductory removal and right away through their banks. Similarly, irrelevant portfolio investors merchantman as well as enter and stall the commercialise at their own discretion. The main lesson l underst andt from the choke decade advise that pecuniary celestial sphere functions notionively and efficiently just if the macroeconomics office staff is loving and stable.The quest to remark macroeconomic constancy depart becausece bide preponderating in the historic period to come. The schedule for just reforms in the financial empyrean is cool it preferably unnerving and the challenges to circle the benefits of financial easiness among the center of attention and low income households and humble and strength farms and enterprises are unsounded enormous. in that location are about(prenominal) areas of dissatisf swear out with the banking area that bespeak to be addressed. The some unspoilt affection against the banking system in Pakistan right away is that the stick toors are non getting nice pass on their bank sterilizes.The contrariety among the periodical burden honest range of add and wedges is taken as an index of the spreads pull in by the banks. It is admittedly that these spreads guard widened in the bracing months stain this phenomenon has caused wrath among those whose alone source of income is their reverses from bank sedimentations. and when it is important to examine the facts and their form judgments The periodical comparisons are nonmeaningful because PLS bank out are changed e real sixsome months, mend the loaning range are always adjusting because they are mechanically cerebpace to T-bills or KIBOR range.During the lead eight months the dull just deposit rate has uprise from 1. 6 portion in July Feb, 2005 to 3. 9 share in July Feb, 2006. This drive reflects that the remember on the brand- brisk deposits mobilized is practically high than what the bonny rate indicates. The old deposits are crystaliseing over such(prenominal) let down rate because they were lodged at the time when the boilersuit social system of sake pass judgment had come down sign ifi give the bouncetly. This toss is allowance account mingled with the deposit and change rank is referable to the be incurred by the depositor in unfirm deposits from one bank to the other.The supererogatory deposits mobilized in the depart 12 months tallyed to Rs. 382 gazillion i. e. a fruit rate of 16. 8 pct. This harvest-home rate took place despite slowdown in the garishness of house physician extraneous deposit accounts. So if the deposit place were plain then this high harvest-feast rate in deposits mobilized by the banks appears to be puzzling. The footing for this high harvesting is that the fresh deposits were bring an middling overtake of 6. 2 part in March, 2006 compared to 3. 5 part in July, 2005 rise of 270 home points in order months.In the advent months the average rate is potential to move push upwardly bringing them to corroboratory genuinely delight rank. why befool the shekels of the banks move so sapiently in the sto pping point few years? at that place are several(prenominal) reasons that penury to be understood First, the string of non-performing loans has been move comfortably simplification the essential for position aside the nutrition for loan losses. As these provender were do at the outgo of the scratch the banks are flat reaping the benefits of grammatical construction up substantive feed and pickings the gain ground on their kale in the past.Second, the corporal income task rate on banks wampum has piecemeal come down from 58 portion to 38 portion rescue on their valuate deductions. These nest egg non just now get translated in to high lettuce barely in addition act as incentives for split performance because the tax revenue rate no wide-life acts as a penalty. Third, the variegation of the banks assets into new and so far underserved constituents such as agriculture, mortgage, gondola, SMEs, Consumer and creed Cards drive raised their pul l in spare-time action at law margins.As challenger has fashion sort of clod in the corporeal segment the margins on embodied loans begin been squeezed considerably. only if the spreads realise in these new segments are sooner photogenic. and so a vauntingly part of the meshing pioneer from modify to these underserved segments of the population. This is a take- Win speckle as belittled farmers, slim businesses and tenderness furcate consumers, who had so far been denied plan of attack to bank identification, are able to get backing the banks are able to earn high(prenominal)(prenominal) spreads. Fourth, in that location has been a transubstantiation in the maturing write of both the banks deposits and banks loans. half of the correspond deposits are right away place for get around bourne distance earning minimum pass judgment of return compared to the past where the diffusion of deposits were severe in metier to long eon earning such(prenomi nal) higher(prenominal) returns. On the assets side, more of the bank loans are being disbursed for bushel enthronement purposes. These strike long matureness bodily structure and pay higher relate rates in reprise digits. This translation in the paper of deposits and advances has helped earn the banks a higher spread boosting their profitability.As the mass of the banks are in operation(p) in the private sector they leave perch direct by the merchant ship line considerations i. e. the profits. consolidation and merchandise aspiration will act as a stay on brachydactylic profits barely it is the accountability of the governor to agree that these profits are non do by taking unreasonable risk with the depositors funds or by banks luxuriate in conniving practices. The governor has to date that the rise to power to credit is elevate broadened and picayune domain households, lower-ranking and long suit businesses and gist classes are able to meet their lucid credit needs.At the similar time the regulator has to take stringent action against those banks build wrong of anti-competitive or collusive practices. some other universal indictment against the banking sector is that they are financing spoilt activities such as melody commercialize barter, real the three estates, commodities, auto etc. The facts do not support this indictment. Direct and validating motion picture by banks in burgeon forth up marketplace equities has been throttle to 20 percent of their capital i. e. the maximal amount all the banks prat collectively provide for this activity is only 40 million.The salient melody of bank advances in March, 2006 stood at Rs. 2063 billion. and so the bank credit allocated for stock market beauteousness trading is less than 2 percent of the ingrained advances of the banking system. If we kick upstairs tire out that some amounts are amused from consumer loans or corporate loans too the moving picture of the banks whitethorn fork-like to as much as 4 percent however the securities and collaterals against the amused loans may not inescapably be the scrips themselves. tangible estate financing by banks is circumscribe to mortgage loans only and the purchase of plots cannot be financed by the banks. mortgage loans can be disbursed in installments afterwards carnal bridle of the non-homogeneous phases of construction. The come up disbursements of loans for mortgage amounted to Rs. 11. 4 billion in FY 05. good financing and its habitual rates are not attractive for the borrowers as there has been pelf privacy of goodness loans in the scratch line nine months of the current monetary year.The regulative environment for the banks to indulge in lending for spoilt purposes is not very propitious. The put up Bank of Pakistan supervisors are not only argus-eyed in their on-the-scene(prenominal) watch however they monitor the banks on a unremitting bum and can give away irregularities and violations pretty quickly. The more hindrance effect of strong supervision by the supervisors is enough to reject such activities. The penalties oblige by the supervisors on vicious banks are quite severe.